Retributive justice is the preferred penal theory in many countries, especially for serious offences, and is a predominant justification for imprisonment. Retributivists, however, have little to say regarding the state’s role towards returning citizens after release from prison. In reality, paroled individuals struggle with continuing surveillance, poverty, stigma and other significant barriers to housing, employment and health. Thus, rates of recidivism are high. Re-entry services can help, but they are few. Without a proper understanding of the implications of the retributive model, advocates for re-entry services struggle to gain public support or the attention of policy-makers. Recognising that retributivism is not a monolithic theory, and with a focus on the parole period, we argue that key sub-streams of retributivism offer a valuable support for understanding public responsibility for re-entry services. To that end, we offer a conceptual understanding of the core retributive principles that call upon governments to actively assist parolees. We do so by connecting re-entry to the retributive notions of unfair advantage, penal communication and moral reform. Finally, we emphasise two, often neglected, re-entry programmes that fit the core retributive principles and highlight implications for the parole process.

中文翻译：

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走向重返社会的报应性概念

报应性正义是许多国家首选的刑罚理论，特别是对于严重犯罪，也是监禁的主要理由。然而，报应论者对于国家对出狱后回国的公民所扮演的角色却鲜有发言。事实上，假释者与持续的监视、贫困、耻辱和其他住房、就业和健康方面的重大障碍作斗争。因此，累犯率很高。再入境服务可以提供帮助，但数量很少。如果没有正确理解报应模式的影响，重返服务的倡导者就很难获得公众的支持或政策制定者的关注。认识到报应主义并不是一个单一的理论，并且重点关注假释期，我们认为报应主义的关键子流为理解重返社会服务的公共责任提供了宝贵的支持。为此，我们提供了对核心报应原则的概念性理解，呼吁政府积极协助假释者。我们通过将重新进入与不公平优势、惩罚沟通和道德改革的报应性概念联系起来来做到这一点。最后，我们强调两个经常被忽视的重新入境计划，它们符合核心报应原则，并强调对假释程序的影响。