The objectives of this study were to establish the frequency of violent behaviors present in primary education (PE), to determine differences based on students' grade and gender, and to assess the evolution of behaviors between the fourth and sixth grades of PE. The research design was a cohort longitudinal ex post facto study with three measures. Data was collected at three different moments across fourth, fifth, and sixth grades of PE. The sample was composed of all the students of three public centers located in three localities of Autonomous Community of Navarra (Northern Spain). The centers had to present similar characteristics to each other and to the population of Navarra. The first three centers contacted agreed to participate. The sample was composed of 236 students (110 girls) in PE. Students completed the instrument School Violence Questionnaire-Revised. A descriptive analysis, a bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression model were performed. A gradual increase in the perception of different violent behaviors with differences between boys and girls was found. In fourth grade, there was hardly any perception of information and communication technology-related violence; it then increased until sixth grade. Boys perceived more violence from teachers toward students and among peers. Girls perceived more violent behavior between fourth and fifth grade. Preventive interventions targeting digital violence should be developed at this stage. Considering the differences found according to gender and age, it is highlighted the need to train the educative community in different areas, such as emotional competencies, school coexistence, and the detection and prevention of violent behavior.

中文翻译：

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初等教育中的暴力行为：从 9 岁到 12 岁的性别演变

本研究的目的是确定小学教育 (PE) 中暴力行为的频率，确定学生年级和性别的差异，并评估四年级和六年级体育教育中行为的演变。研究设计是一项队列纵向事后研究，包含三项措施。数据是在四年级、五年级和六年级体育课的三个不同时刻收集的。样本由位于纳瓦拉自治区（西班牙北部）三个地区的三个公共中心的所有学生组成。这些中心彼此之间以及纳瓦拉人口必须呈现相似的特征。前三个联系的中心同意参与。样本由 236 名体育学生（110 名女生）组成。学生完成了学校暴力问卷修订版。进行了描述性分析、双变量分析和逻辑回归模型。研究发现，男孩和女孩对不同暴力行为的看法存在差异，逐渐增加。四年级时，几乎没有人对与信息和通信技术相关的暴力有任何看法；然后增加到六年级。男孩认为老师对学生和同龄人之间的暴力行为更多。在四年级和五年级期间，女孩们感受到更多的暴力行为。现阶段应制定针对数字暴力的预防性干预措施。考虑到性别和年龄方面的差异，强调需要在不同领域对教育社区进行培训，例如情感能力、学校共存以及暴力行为的发现和预防。