A detailed effect of continuous exposure of Cd on an important pest of crops like Helicoverpa armigera is lacking in the current literature. The cadmium was provisioned at 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg in the artificial diet and fed to newly hatched larvae for at least three subsequent generations. The total developmental period and fecundity were severely affected with no larval hatching in treated insects. Total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count (i.e., granulocytes and plasmatocytes) were decreased significantly compared to controls in treated insects. The antioxidant system (i.e., catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), and the two detoxifying agents glutathione-s-transferase showed increased activity compared to controls. The results of the acetylcholinesterase assay showed a decrease in activity. Increased rate of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid and decreased rate of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the first generation but showing an increasing trend in next two generations. The acid phosphatase activity was increased in the first two generations but significantly reduced in the third generation. The discrepancy in all physiological activities corresponded with the histological study of midgut infrastructure. It is inferred from the obtained results that cadmium continuous exposure affects every system of any organism that may perform irreparable damages.

中文翻译：

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连续镉暴露对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera部分生物学和生理性能的响应

目前的文献中缺乏连续暴露镉对棉铃虫等农作物重要害虫的详细影响。人工饲料中的镉含量为 1.25、2.5 和 5 毫克/千克，并喂给新孵化的幼虫至少三代。总发育周期和繁殖力受到严重影响，经处理的昆虫没有幼虫孵化。与对照组相比，经处理的昆虫的总血细胞计数和分类血细胞计数（即粒细胞和浆细胞）显着减少。与对照相比，抗氧化系统（即过氧化氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶）和两种解毒剂谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶显示出活性增强。乙酰胆碱酯酶测定结果显示活性下降。第一代天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、尿酸率升高，碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶率下降，后两代呈升高趋势。酸性磷酸酶活性在前两代中增加，但在第三代中显着降低。所有生理活动的差异与中肠基础设施的组织学研究相对应。从所得结果推断，镉的持续暴露会影响任何生物体的每个系统，并可能造成不可挽回的损害。