Tecoma stans is a widely distributed tall ornamental shrub in the plains of Indian subcontinent and is considered an invasive species across Argentina, Australia, South Africa, Pacific Islands and tropical regions of Asia. Besides having an ornamental significance, T. stans has been extensively investigated for its pharmaceutical applications as a source of bioactive compounds. In addition, the shrub is cultivated commercially as a potted flowering plant. We believe that T. stans, being a hardy, invasive and aggressively growing species, holds a considerable potential and a promising solution for re-greening waste and degraded lands outside its invasive range, due to its wider adaptability and drought tolerant characteristics. The shrub is an excellent source of pollen and nectar, that attracts diverse insect-pollinators and several species of birds. The prudent plantation of this shrub has the potential to restore the ecology of barren landscapes, that can change its perspective of ‘being invasive’ to ‘being ecologically healthy’ across the tropical, semi-arid and subtropical regions worldwide. This paper reviews the current updates on ecology, life cycle including morphology, plant growth characteristics, flowering phenology, reproductive biology, breeding system and fruiting of T. stans. In addition, details on insect-pollinator diversity and natural regeneration potential have also been discussed, besides highlighting its therapeutic and landscape use.

中文翻译：

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Tecoma stans（bignoneaceae）生态学、生命周期和利用的综合综述

Tecoma stans 是印度次大陆平原广泛分布的高大观赏灌木，在阿根廷、澳大利亚、南非、太平洋岛屿和亚洲热带地区被认为是入侵物种。除了具有观赏意义外，T. stans 还因其作为生物活性化合物来源的药物应用而受到广泛研究。此外，该灌木还作为盆栽开花植物进行商业栽培。我们相信，T. stans 是一种耐寒、入侵性强且生长积极的物种，由于其更广泛的适应性和耐旱特性，在其入侵范围之外的废物和退化土地的重新绿化方面具有巨大的潜力和有前途的解决方案。这种灌木是花粉和花蜜的极好来源，吸引了多种昆虫传粉者和多种鸟类。这种灌木的谨慎种植有可能恢复贫瘠景观的生态，从而将其在全球热带、半干旱和亚热带地区的“入侵”观念转变为“生态健康”。本文综述了黑栾树生态学、生命周期（包括形态学、植物生长特性、开花物候学、生殖生物学、育种系统和结果）的最新进展。此外，除了强调其治疗和景观用途外，还讨论了昆虫传粉者多样性和自然再生潜力的细节。