Background: Head and neck infections (HNI) associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) offer several health issues on a global scale due to inaccurate diagnosis. background: Head and neck infections (HNI) associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) offer several health issues on a global scale due to inaccurate diagnosis. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the bacteria and Candidal isolates and implement the silver nanoparticles green synthesized with leaf extract of Coccinia grandis (Cg-AgNPs) as a therapeutic approach against HNI pathogens. objective: This study aimed to identify the bacteria and Candidal isolates and implement the silver nanoparticles green synthesized with leaf extract of Coccinia grandis (Cg-AgNPs) as a therapeutic approach against HNI pathogens. Methods: The Cg-AgNPs were characterized by the UV-visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR analysis, Zeta particle size, Zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis to validate the synthesis of nanoparticles. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Cg-AgNPs was presented by the zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), and antibiofilm assay. Moreover, the cell wall rupture assay was visualized on SEM for the morphological study of antimicrobial activities, and the in-vivo toxicity was performed in a swiss mice model to evaluate the impact of Cg-AgNPs on various biological parameters. method: The Cg-AgNPs were characterized by the UV-visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR analysis, Zeta particle size, Zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis to validate the synthesis of nanoparticles. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Cg-AgNPs was presented by the zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), and antibiofilm assay. Moreover, the cell wall rupture assay was visualized on SEM for the morphological study of antimicrobial activities. Results: Different bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Candida sp. (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida glabrata) were identified. The MIC, MBC, and antibiofilm potential of Cg-AgNPs were found to be highest against A. baumannii: 1.25 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, and 85.01±5.19% respectively. However, C. albicans and C. orthopsilosis revealed 23mm and 21mm of ZOI. Subsequently, the micromorphology of the cell wall rupture assay confirmed the efficacy of Cg-AgNPs, and no significant alterations were seen in biochemical and hematological parameters on the swiss mice model in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Conclusion: The green synthesized Cg-AgNPs have multifunctional activities like antibacterial, anticandidal, and antibiofilm activity with no toxicity and can be introduced against the HNI pathogens.

中文翻译：

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巨瓢虫叶提取物绿色合成银纳米颗粒作为头颈感染 MDR 病原体抗菌剂的实现

背景：由于诊断不准确，与多重耐药性 (MDR) 相关的头颈感染 (HNI) 在全球范围内带来了多种健康问题。背景：由于诊断不准确，与多重耐药性 (MDR) 相关的头颈感染 (HNI) 在全球范围内带来了多种健康问题。目的：本研究旨在鉴定细菌和念珠菌分离株，并实施用大瓢虫叶提取物合成的银纳米颗粒（Cg-AgNPs）作为针对 HNI 病原体的治疗方法。目的：本研究旨在鉴定细菌和念珠菌分离株，并实施用大瓢虫叶提取物合成的银纳米颗粒（Cg-AgNPs）作为针对 HNI 病原体的治疗方法。方法：通过紫外可见分光光度计、FT-IR分析、Zeta粒径、Zeta电位和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）分析对Cg-AgNPs进行表征，以验证纳米粒子的合成。此外，Cg-AgNPs 的抗菌活性通过抑制区 (ZOI)、最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)、最低杀菌/真菌浓度 (MBC/MFC) 和抗菌膜测定来表示。此外，在 SEM 上观察细胞壁破裂试验，以进行抗菌活性的形态学研究，并在瑞士小鼠模型中进行体内毒性，以评估 Cg-AgNPs 对各种生物学参数的影响。方法：通过紫外可见分光光度计、FT-IR分析、Zeta粒径、Zeta电位和场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）分析对Cg-AgNPs进行表征，以验证纳米粒子的合成。此外，Cg-AgNPs 的抗菌活性通过抑制区 (ZOI)、最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)、最低杀菌/真菌浓度 (MBC/MFC) 和抗菌膜测定来表示。此外，细胞壁破裂测定在扫描电镜上可视化，用于抗菌活性的形态学研究。结果：不同菌株（金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌）和念珠菌属。鉴定出（白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、正向念珠菌和光滑念珠菌）。发现 Cg-AgNPs 对鲍曼不动杆菌的 MIC、MBC 和抗生物膜潜力最高：分别为 1.25 μg/ml、5 μg/ml 和 85.01±5.19%。然而，白色念珠菌和直立念珠菌显示 ZOI 分别为 23 毫米和 21 毫米。随后，细胞壁破裂试验的微形态证实了 Cg-AgNP 的功效，并且在急性和亚急性毒性研究中，瑞士小鼠模型的生化和血液学参数均未发现显着变化。结论：绿色合成的Cg-AgNPs具有抗菌、抗念珠菌、抗生物膜等多功能活性，且无毒性，可用于对抗HNI病原体。