This review summarizes the implementation characteristics of parenting interventions to promote early child development (ECD) outcomes from birth to 3 years. We included 134 articles representing 123 parenting trials (PROSPERO record CRD42022285998). Studies were conducted across high-income (62%) and low-and-middle-income (38%) countries. The most frequently used interventions were Reach Up and Learn, Nurse Family Partnership, and Head Start. Half of the interventions were delivered as home visits. The other half used mixed settings and modalities (27%), clinic visits (12%), and community-based group sessions (11%). Due to the lack of data, we were only able to test the moderating role of a few implementation characteristics in intervention impacts on parenting and cognitive outcomes (by country income level) in the meta-analysis. None of the implementation characteristics moderated intervention impacts on cognitive or parenting outcomes in low- and middle-income or high-income countries. There is a significant need in the field of parenting interventions for ECD to consistently collect and report data on key implementation characteristics. These data are needed to advance our understanding of how parenting interventions are implemented and how implementation factors impact outcomes to help inform the scale-up of effective interventions to improve child development.

中文翻译：

---

促进儿童早期发展的育儿干预实施特征的荟萃分析综述

本综述总结了促进出生至 3 岁儿童早期发展 (ECD) 结果的育儿干预措施的实施特点。我们纳入了代表 123 项育儿试验的 134 篇文章（PROSPERO 记录 CRD42022285998）。研究在高收入（62%）和中低收入（38%）国家进行。最常用的干预措施是“接触和学习”、“护士家庭合作”和“启蒙”。一半的干预措施是通过家访进行的。另一半使用混合环境和方式（27%​​）、诊所就诊（12%）和基于社区的小组会议（11%）。由于缺乏数据，我们只能在荟萃分析中测试一些实施特征对育儿和认知结果（按国家收入水平）的干预影响的调节作用。在低收入、中等收入或高收入国家中，没有任何实施特征能够调节干预措施对认知或养育结果的影响。在育儿干预领域，儿童早期发展迫切需要持续收集和报告关键实施特征的数据。需要这些数据来加深我们对如何实施育儿干预措施以及实施因素如何影响结果的理解，以帮助扩大有效干预措施以改善儿童发展。