Abstract

Assessing imaging biomarker in the prodromal and early phases of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is of great importance to ensure an early and safe diagnosis. In the last decades, imaging modalities advanced and are now able to assess many different aspects of neurodegeneration in PD. MRI sequences can measure iron content or neuromelanin. Apart from SPECT imaging with Ioflupane, more specific PET tracers to assess degeneration of the dopaminergic system are available. Furthermore, metabolic PET patterns can be used to anticipate a phenoconversion from prodromal PD to manifest PD. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that PET imaging of inflammation will gain significance. Molecular imaging of neurotransmitters like serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine shed more light on non-motor symptoms. Outside of the brain, molecular imaging of the heart and gut is used to measure PD-related degeneration of the autonomous nervous system. Moreover, optical coherence tomography can noninvasively detect degeneration of retinal fibers as a potential biomarker in PD. In this review, we describe these state-of-the-art imaging modalities in early and prodromal PD and point out in how far these techniques can and will be used in the future to pave the way towards a biomarker-based staging of PD.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病前驱期和早期阶段的生物标志物成像

摘要

评估帕金森病 (PD) 前驱期和早期阶段的影像生物标志物对于确保早期、安全的诊断非常重要。在过去的几十年里，成像技术不断进步，现在能够评估帕金森病神经退行性变的许多不同方面。MRI 序列可以测量铁含量或神经黑色素。除了使用碘氟烷进行 SPECT 成像外，还可以使用更具体的 PET 示踪剂来评估多巴胺能系统的变性。此外，代谢 PET 模式可用于预测从前驱 PD 到明显 PD 的表型转变。在这方面，值得一提的是，炎症的PET成像将具有重要意义。血清素、去甲肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱等神经递质的分子成像可以更好地揭示非运动症状。在大脑之外，心脏和肠道的分子成像可用于测量与帕金森病相关的自主神经系统退化。此外，光学相干断层扫描可以无创地检测视网膜纤维的变性，作为帕金森病的潜在生物标志物。在这篇综述中，我们描述了早期和前驱帕金森病中最先进的成像方式，并指出这些技术在未来可以和将在多大程度上使用，为基于生物标志物的帕金森病分期铺平道路。