Chrononutrition is a nutritional regimen that follows our biological clock, marked by the changes in metabolism that occur during the day. This regimen includes the distribution of energy, the regularity and frequency of meals, and the importance of these factors for metabolic health. A growing body of animal and human evidence indicates that the timing of food intake throughout the day can have a significant and beneficial impact on the metabolic health and well-being of individuals. In particular, both the timing and frequency of meals have been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions. Today's busy lifestyle makes many people skip breakfast and eat late at night. Eating late at night has been shown to cause a circadian misalignment, with the latter having a negative impact on weight control and glucose metabolism. Additionally, some studies have found a relatively strong association between skipping breakfast and insulin resistance, and T2DM. Against the backdrop of escalating obesity and T2DM rates, coupled with the recognized influence of food timing on disease evolution and control, this review aimed to synthesize insights from epidemiological and intervention studies of the interplay of timing of food intake and macronutrient consumption, reporting their impact on obesity and T2DM.

中文翻译：

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2 型糖尿病和肥胖症中的计时营养：叙述性综述

计时营养是一种遵循生物钟的营养方案，以白天新陈代谢的变化为标志。该方案包括能量的分配、进餐的规律性和频率，以及这些因素对代谢健康的重要性。越来越多的动物和人类证据表明，全天的食物摄入时间可以对个人的代谢健康和福祉产生重大且有益的影响。特别是，进餐时间和频率都与肥胖、2 型糖尿病 (T2DM)、心血管疾病和其他慢性病有关。如今忙碌的生活方式使许多人不吃早餐而吃得很晚。深夜进食已被证明会导致昼夜节律失调，后者对体重控制和葡萄糖代谢产生负面影响。此外，一些研究发现不吃早餐与胰岛素抵抗和 T2DM 之间存在相对较强的关联。在肥胖和 T2DM 发病率不断上升的背景下，再加上人们公认的进食时间对疾病演变和控制的影响，本综述旨在综合流行病学和干预研究中关于食物摄入时间和常量营养素消耗之间相互作用的见解，报告其影响关于肥胖和 T2DM。