Transgenic (Tg) animal technology is one of the growing areas in biology. Various Tg technologies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, are available for generating Tg animals. These include zygote microinjection, electroporation, viral infection, embryonic stem cell or spermatogonial stem cell-mediated production of Tg animals, sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT), and testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT). However, there are currently no comprehensive studies comparing SMGT and TMGT methods, selecting appropriate gene delivery carriers (such as nanoparticles and liposomes), and determining the optimal route for gene delivery (SMGT and TMGT) for producing Tg animal. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment comparing SMGT and TMGT methods, and to introduce the best carriers and gene transfer methods to sperm and testis to generate Tg animals in different species. From 2010 to 2022, 47 studies on SMGT and 25 studies on TMGT have been conducted. Mice and rats were the most commonly used species in SMGT and TMGT. Regarding the SMGT approach, nanoparticles, streptolysin-O, and virus packaging were found to be the best gene transfer methods for generating Tg mice. In the TMGT method, the best gene transfer methods for generating Tg mice and rats were virus packaging, dimethyl sulfoxide, electroporation, and liposome. Our study has shown that the efficiency of producing Tg animals varies depending on the species, gene carrier, and method of gene transfer.

中文翻译：

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转基因动物生产中精子和睾丸介导的基因转移两种方法的比较：系统评价

转基因（Tg）动物技术是生物学中不断发展的领域之一。多种 Tg 技术可用于产生 Tg 动物，每种技术都有其自身的优点和缺点。这些包括受精卵显微注射、电穿孔、病毒感染、胚胎干细胞或精原干细胞介导的 Tg 动物生产、精子介导的基因转移 (SMGT) 和睾丸介导的基因转移 (TMGT)。然而，目前还没有全面的研究比较SMGT和TMGT方法，选择合适的基因递送载体（如纳米颗粒和脂质体），并确定生产Tg动物的最佳基因递送途径（SMGT和TMGT）。在此，我们的目的是对 SMGT 和 TMGT 方法进行全面评估，并介绍最好的载体和基因转移方法到精子和睾丸，以产生不同物种的 Tg 动物。 2010年至2022年，共开展了47项SMGT研究和25项TMGT研究。小鼠和大鼠是 SMGT 和 TMGT 中最常用的物种。关于 SMGT 方法，发现纳米粒子、链球菌溶血素-O 和病毒包装是产生 Tg 小鼠的最佳基因转移方法。在TMGT方法中，产生Tg小鼠和大鼠的最佳基因转移方法是病毒包装、二甲基亚砜、电穿孔和脂质体。我们的研究表明，生产Tg动物的效率因物种、基因载体和基因转移方法而异。