Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics techniques, hundreds of distinct types of PTMs have been observed in a wide range of proteins from bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. To identify the roles of these PTMs, scientists have applied various approaches. However, high dynamics, low stoichiometry, and crosstalk between PTMs make it almost impossible to obtain homogeneously modified proteins for characterization of the site-specific effect of individual PTM on target proteins. To solve this problem, the genetic code expansion (GCE) strategy has been introduced into the field of PTM studies. Instead of modifying proteins after translation, GCE incorporates modified amino acids into proteins during translation, thus generating site-specifically modified proteins at target positions. In this review, we summarize the development of GCE systems for orthogonal translation for site-specific installation of PTMs.

中文翻译：

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用于翻译后修改的特定位点安装的正交翻译

翻译后修饰 (PTM) 赋予蛋白质新特性，以响应环境变化或生长需求。随着先进蛋白质组学技术的发展，在细菌、古细菌和真核生物的多种蛋白质中观察到了数百种不同类型的 PTM。为了确定这些 PTM 的作用，科学家们应用了各种方法。然而，高动态性、低化学计量以及 PTM 之间的串扰使得几乎不可能获得均一修饰的蛋白质来表征单个 PTM 对目标蛋白质的位点特异性效应。为了解决这个问题，遗传密码扩展（GCE）策略被引入PTM研究领域。GCE 不是在翻译后修饰蛋白质，而是在翻译过程中将修饰的氨基酸整合到蛋白质中，从而在目标位置生成位点特异性修饰的蛋白质。在这篇综述中，我们总结了用于 PTM 特定站点安装的正交翻译的 GCE 系统的开发。