Objective: The present study asked if bilinguals who are immersed in their nondominant language are more likely to know some words only in their nondominant language. Method: The either-language scoring benefit (ELSB) reflects how many more points bilinguals get when credited for pictures named regardless of which language is used. We asked if the ELSB varies with self-rated proficiency level of the nondominant language in young English-dominant (n = 68) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 33) bilinguals, and in older English-dominant (n = 36) compared to Spanish-dominant (n = 32) bilinguals. All bilinguals were immersed in English (in the USA) at the time of testing. Results: Spanish-dominant bilinguals showed a larger ELSB than English-dominant bilinguals (in both young and older groups), but simple correlations showed that the degree of Spanish dominance was associated with a higher ELSB only in young bilinguals. Additionally, the ELSB was larger for bilinguals with more years of immersion and for more balanced bilinguals, whether measured by naming scores or self-rated balance (in both age groups). Nearly half (n = 14/33) of the young bilinguals who said they were Spanish-dominant scored higher in English than in Spanish, and on average these participants had similar naming scores in English and Spanish. Conclusions: Either-language scoring benefits bilinguals with higher proficiency level in the nondominant language, which is more likely in bilinguals with extended immersion in the nondominant language, who also tend to be more balanced bilinguals, and for young adult bilinguals who may be in the process of a switch in which language is dominant.

中文翻译：

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关于双语者只能用非主导语言说出某些图片的新见解：沉浸、主导逆转和平衡双语

目的：本研究询问沉浸在非主导语言中的双语者是否更有可能只知道非主导语言中的某些单词。方法：双语评分效益（ELSB）反映了无论使用哪种语言，双语者在命名图片时获得的分数。我们询问以英语为主导的年轻人 (n= 68) 与西班牙主导的 (n= 33) 双语者，并且以较早的英语为主 (n= 36) 与西班牙语为主的 (n= 32) 双语者。在测试时，所有双语者都沉浸在英语中（在美国）。结果：以西班牙语为主的双语者表现出比以英语为主的双语者更高的 ELSB（无论是年轻组还是年长组），但简单的相关性表明，西班牙语主导程度仅与年轻双语者较高的 ELSB 相关。此外，无论是通过命名分数还是自评平衡（在两个年龄组中）来衡量，对于沉浸时间较长的双语者和更加平衡的双语者来说，ELSB 更大。近一半（n= 14/33）自称以西班牙语为主的年轻双语者的英语得分高于西班牙语，平均而言，这些参与者的英语和西班牙语命名得分相似。结论：任一语言评分都对非主导语言熟练程度较高的双语者有利，这种情况更有可能发生在长期沉浸在非主导语言中的双语者中，他们也往往是更加平衡的双语者，以及可能处于非主导语言水平的年轻双语者。语言占主导地位的转换过程。