Human behaviour is affected by architecture, including how online user interfaces are designed. The purpose of this article is to provide insights into the regulation of behaviour modification by the design of choice architecture in light of the European Union data protection law (GDPR) and marketing law (UCPD). It has become popular to use the term ‘dark pattern’ (also ‘deceptive practices’) to describe such practices in online environments. The term provides a framework for identifying and discussing ‘problematic’ design practices, but the definitions and descriptions are not sufficient in themselves to draw the fine line between legitimate (lawful) persuasion and unlawful manipulation, which requires an inquiry into agency, self-determination, regulation and legal interpretation. The main contribution of this article is to place manipulative design, including ‘dark patterns’, within the framework of persuasion (marketing), technology (persuasive technology) and law (privacy and marketing).

人类行为受到架构的影响，包括在线用户界面的设计方式。本文的目的是根据欧盟数据保护法 (GDPR) 和营销法 (UCPD) 通过选择架构设计来提供对行为矫正监管的见解。使用术语“黑暗模式”（也称为“欺骗行为”）来描述在线环境中的此类行为已变得流行。该术语提供了一个识别和讨论“有问题的”设计实践的框架，但定义和描述本身不足以在合法（合法）说服和非法操纵之间划清界限，这需要对代理、自决进行调查、法规和法律解释。本文的主要贡献是将操纵性设计，包括“黑暗模式”，置于说服（营销）、技术（说服性技术）和法律（隐私和营销）的框架内。