Environmental responsibility and economic benefits have promoted the development of closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs), and shortages and channels are considered to be two important issues in a CLSC. This paper explores the ordering and channel decisions in a CLSC with new and differentiated remanufactured products; considers the price and sales-effort-dependent demands, as well as the proportion of emergency orders determined by emergency order costs and backorder losses; and establishes integrated and decentralized CLSC game models. We introduce a stochastic sales effort, which affects two types of products. The numerical results show that sales effort and the order quantity of new and remanufactured products exhibit concave and convex functions, respectively. The upper limit of sales effort has a greater impact on supply chain decisions. High sales efforts can serve as a means of coordinating dispersed supply chains. Moreover, in different cases, the decisions of an integrated channel are better than those of a decentralized channel. Finally, whether the supply chain adopts an emergency order strategy depends on the relative cost of emergency orders and out-of-stock costs. According to this research, some management insights are also provided.

中文翻译：

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具有销售努力的闭环供应链中新型差异化再制造产品的订购和渠道决策的博弈模型

环境责任和经济效益推动了闭环供应链（CLSC）的发展，短缺和渠道被认为是闭环供应链中的两个重要问题。本文探讨了 CLSC 中新型和差异化再制造产品的订购和渠道决策；考虑与价格和销售努力相关的需求，以及由紧急订单成本和缺货损失确定的紧急订单比例；建立一体化、去中心化的CLSC博弈模型。我们引入了随机销售努力，它影响两种类型的产品。数值结果表明，新产品和再制造产品的销售努力和订单数量分别呈现凹函数和凸函数。销售努力的上限对供应链决策的影响更大。高销售力度可以作为协调分散供应链的一种手段。而且，在不同情况下，综合渠道的决策优于去中心化渠道。最后，供应链是否采取紧急订单策略取决于紧急订单成本和缺货成本的相对成本。根据这项研究，还提供了一些管理见解。