Apart from our imagination, the nanotechnology industry is rapidly growing and promises that the substantial changes that will have significant economic and scientific impacts be applicable to a wide range of areas, such as aerospace engineering, nanoelectronics, environmental remediation, and medical healthcare. In the medical field, magnetic materials play vital roles such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, and magnetic drug delivery. Among them, manganese oxide garnered great interest in biomedical applications due to its different oxidation states (Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, and Mn⁴⁺). Manganese oxide nanostructures are widely explored for medical applications due to their availability, diverse morphologies, and tunable magnetic properties. In this review, cogent contributions of manganese oxides in medical applications are summarized. The crystalline structure and oxidation states of Mn oxides are highlighted. The synthesis approaches of Mn-based nanoparticles are outlined. The important medical applications of manganese-based nanoparticles like magnetic hyperthermia, MRI, and drug delivery are summarized. This review is conducted to cover the future impact of MnO_x in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

中文翻译：

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氧化锰（Mn2+、Mn3+、Mn4+）磁性纳米粒子的医学应用综述

除了我们的想象之外，纳米技术行业正在迅速发展，并承诺将产生重大经济和科学影响的重大变化适用于航空航天工程、纳米电子、环境修复和医疗保健等广泛领域。在医学领域，磁性材料发挥着重要作用，例如磁共振成像（MRI）、热疗和磁性药物输送。其中，氧化锰因其不同的氧化态（Mn ²⁺、Mn ³⁺和Mn ⁴⁺）而在生物医学应用中引起了极大的兴趣。氧化锰纳米结构由于其可用性、多样的形貌和可调的磁性而被广泛探索用于医疗应用。在这篇综述中，总结了锰氧化物在医学应用中的令人信服的贡献。突出显示了锰氧化物的晶体结构和氧化态。概述了锰基纳米粒子的合成方法。总结了锰基纳米粒子的重要医学应用，如磁热疗、MRI 和药物输送。本综述旨在涵盖 MnO _x在诊断和治疗应用中的未来影响。