Abstract

Stink bug egg parasitoids (Scelionidae) use several host and non-host chemical and physical cues to find suitable hosts. These cues can interact in the field producing multimodal stimuli, which can be manipulated to increase parasitoid attraction and biological control of stink bugs in conservation biological control strategies. We aimed to investigate how multimodal chemical and physical stimuli affect stink bug egg parasitoid recruitment and parasitism in soybean crops. We performed a field experiment where semiochemicals and visual stimuli were presented alone or in combination during three soybean growing seasons. We evaluated the occurrence of stink bug parasitoids and parasitism rates using sentinel eggs, and stink bug species abundance. Long-distance semiochemicals (herbivore-induced plant volatiles and sex pheromone) did not interfere on Scelionidae parasitoid recruitment. Visual stimuli and stimuli combinations negatively interfered on parasitoid recruitment or had no effect. The parasitism of sentinel eggs varied among seasons, and long-distance semiochemicals increased parasitism on one season. In the other seasons there was a significant effect of predation on the sentinel stink bugs eggs. Predation, mostly by ants, was the main egg mortality factor, which could have masked parasitism effects. The stink bug Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was always the most abundant species occurring with other seven species. Our results indicate the relevance of different biological control agents on stink bug egg mortality. We discuss the applications and major flaws for conservation biological control of stink bugs and its compatibility with augmentative releases of egg parasitoids, especially for Telenomus podisi.

中文翻译：

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用于大豆臭虫保护生物控制的化学和视觉刺激：卵寄生蜂招募的潜在用途和缺陷

摘要

臭虫卵寄生蜂（Scelionidae）利用多种宿主和非宿主化学和物理线索来寻找合适的宿主。这些线索可以在产生多模式刺激的领域相互作用，可以在保护生物控制策略中操纵这些刺激来增加拟寄生物的吸引力和对椿象的生物控制。我们的目的是研究多模式化学和物理刺激如何影响大豆作物中臭虫卵寄生蜂的招募和寄生。我们进行了一项田间实验，在三个大豆生长季节单独或组合呈现化学信息素和视觉刺激。我们使用前哨卵评估了臭虫寄生蜂的发生率和寄生率，以及臭虫物种丰度。长距离化学信息素（食草动物诱导的植物挥发物和性信息素）不会干扰Scelionidae寄生蜂的招募。视觉刺激和刺激组合对寄生蜂的招募产生负面干扰或没有影响。哨兵卵的寄生情况随季节变化而变化，远距离的信息化学物质会增加某一季节的寄生程度。在其他季节，捕食对前哨臭虫卵的影响显着。捕食（主要是蚂蚁）是卵死亡的主要因素，这可能掩盖了寄生效应。英雄椿象（半翅目：蝽科）一直是最丰富的物种，与其他七个物种一起出现。我们的结果表明不同生物防治剂与臭虫卵死亡率的相关性。我们讨论了椿象保护生物防治的应用和主要缺陷，及其与卵寄生蜂（尤其是Telenomus podisi）增加释放的兼容性。