With the global incidence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on the rise, the development of innovative treatment strategies is increasingly vital. This review underscores the pivotal role of precision medicine in transforming NSCLC management, particularly through the integration of genomic and epigenomic insights to enhance treatment outcomes for patients. We focus on the identification of key gene mutations and examine the evolution and impact of targeted therapies. These therapies have shown encouraging results in improving survival rates and quality of life. Despite numerous gene mutations being identified in association with NSCLC, targeted treatments are available for only a select few. This paper offers an exhaustive analysis of the pathogenesis of NSCLC and reviews the latest advancements in targeted therapeutic approaches. It emphasizes the ongoing necessity for research and development in this domain. In addition, we discuss the current challenges faced in the clinical application of these therapies and the potential directions for future research, including the identification of novel targets and the development of new treatment modalities.

中文翻译：

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非小细胞肺癌的进展：从病理生理学见解到靶向治疗。

随着全球非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）发病率的上升，开发创新治疗策略变得越来越重要。本综述强调了精准医学在转变 NSCLC 管理方面的关键作用，特别是通过整合基因组和表观基因组见解来提高患者的治疗结果。我们专注于关键基因突变的识别，并研究靶向治疗的演变和影响。这些疗法在提高生存率和生活质量方面显示出令人鼓舞的结果。尽管已发现许多与非小细胞肺癌相关的基因突变，但只有少数人可以进行靶向治疗。本文对 NSCLC 的发病机制进行了详尽的分析，并回顾了靶向治疗方法的最新进展。它强调了该领域持续研究和开发的必要性。此外，我们还讨论了这些疗法临床应用目前面临的挑战以及未来研究的潜在方向，包括新靶点的识别和新治疗方式的开发。