Conventional antibiotics used for treating tuberculosis (TB) suffer from drug resistance and multiple complications. Here we propose a lesion–pathogen dual-targeting strategy for the management of TB by coating Mycobacterium-stimulated macrophage membranes onto polymeric cores encapsulated with an aggregation-induced emission photothermal agent that is excitable with a 1,064 nm laser. The coated nanoparticles carry specific receptors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enables them to target tuberculous granulomas and internal M. tuberculosis simultaneously. In a mouse model of TB, intravenously injected nanoparticles image individual granulomas in situ in the lungs via signal emission in the near-infrared region IIb, with an imaging resolution much higher than that of clinical computed tomography. With 1,064 nm laser irradiation from outside the thoracic cavity, the photothermal effect generated by these nanoparticles eradicates the targeted M. tuberculosis and alleviates pathological damage and excessive inflammation in the lungs, resulting in a better therapeutic efficacy compared with a combination of first-line antibiotics. This precise photothermal modality that uses dual-targeted imaging in the near-infrared region IIb demonstrates a theranostic strategy for TB management.

用于治疗结核病 (TB) 的传统抗生素存在耐药性和多种并发症。在这里，我们提出了一种用于治疗结核病的病灶-病原体双靶向策略，通过将分枝杆菌刺激的巨噬细胞膜涂覆到封装有聚集诱导发射光热剂的聚合物核心上，该光热剂可被 1,064 nm 激光激发。涂层纳米粒子携带结核分枝杆菌的特异性受体，这使得它们能够同时靶向结核性肉芽肿和内部结核分枝杆菌。在结核病小鼠模型中，静脉注射纳米颗粒通过近红外区域 IIb 的信号发射对肺部的单个肉芽肿进行原位成像，成像分辨率远高于临床计算机断层扫描。通过胸腔外的1,064 nm激光照射，这些纳米粒子产生的光热效应可以根除目标结核分枝杆菌，减轻肺部的病理损伤和过度炎症，与一线抗生素组合相比具有更好的治疗效果。这种在近红外区域 IIb 中使用双目标成像的精确光热模式展示了结核病管理的治疗诊断策略。