The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4–6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.

中文翻译：

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脊椎动物眼外运动神经元、神经和肌肉的进化和发育

本综述的目的是分析眼运动神经元的起源，定义投射到眼外眼肌（EOM）的神经纤维的神经支配模式，描述改变眼运动神经元发育的先天性疾病，并提供概述前庭通路对眼运动核的输入。六块眼肌由三个眼运动神经元的轴突支配，即动眼神经元 (CNIII)、滑车神经元 (CNIV) 和外展神经元 (CNVI)。眼运动神经元 (CNIII) 起源于中脑，支配同侧眼眶，但上直肌和提睑肌除外，它们受对侧支配。滑车运动神经元（CNIV）起源于中脑-后脑交界处，支配对侧上斜肌。外展运动神经元 (CNVI) 起源于后脑菱形节 r4-6，支配后直肌（或外侧）和牵开球。基因可以区分特殊体细胞（CNIII、IV）和体细胞（CNVI）眼运动神经元。眼部运动神经元的发育及其到 EOM 的轴突投射可能会因各种遗传原因而脱轨，从而导致先天性颅骨神经支配障碍。眼部运动神经元支配 EOM，而前庭核团则与中脑-脑干运动神经元连接。