Cloud manufacturing, one of the trends subsumed under Industry 4.0, influences industrial production settings as it transforms resource utilization into a shared on-demand service. Central to cloud manufacturing is the Production as a Service (PaaS) paradigm, which allows intermediaries to coordinate supply and demand of idle production capacities and enables collaboration in production through outsourcing. Current practical implementations of PaaS use multiple steps to connect buyers and suppliers through an intermediary that treats each demand request individually and subsequently contacts a pool of suppliers. In contrast, we study a novel optimization-based PaaS approach and develop a combinatorial exchange model for production capacity sharing among multiple suppliers and buyers. To this end, we adapt the winner determination problem from procurement auction settings. We find that key performance indicators such as matched capacity, overall payment, and unfulfilled minimum demand depend on both the employed bidding behavior and the buyer and supplier ratio. We additionally develop a corresponding online counterpart that can be readily implemented in practice and show that it yields close to optimal solutions. Finally, we show that our solution approach increases the efficiency of matching idle production capacities on average by 39% and also increases the average supplier payoff by up to 74% compared to a practice-based benchmark heuristic.

中文翻译：

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通过生产即服务共享部分生产能力的影响

云制造是工业 4.0 的趋势之一，它影响着工业生产环境，因为它将资源利用转变为共享的按需服务。云制造的核心是生产即服务（PaaS）范式，它允许中介机构协调闲置产能的供需，并通过外包实现生产协作。目前 PaaS 的实际实施使用多个步骤通过中介连接买家和供应商，该中介单独处理每个需求请求，然后联系供应商池。相比之下，我们研究了一种新颖的基于优化的 PaaS 方法，并开发了一种用于多个供应商和买家之间共享产能的组合交换模型。为此，我们从采购拍卖设置中调整了获胜者确定问题。我们发现，匹配产能、总体付款和未满足的最低需求等关键绩效指标取决于所采用的投标行为以及买方和供应商的比率。我们还开发了一个相应的在线对应物，可以在实践中轻松实施，并表明它产生接近最佳的解决方案。最后，我们表明，与基于实践的基准启发法相比，我们的解决方案方法将闲置产能匹配的效率平均提高了 39%，并将供应商平均收益提高了 74%。