Infectious diseases are a global public health problem, with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide. Therefore, their prevention and treatment are still major challenges. Bile acids are common metabolites in both hosts and microorganisms that play a significant role in controlling the metabolism of lipids, glucose, and energy. Bile acids have historically been utilized as first-line, valuable therapeutic agents for related metabolic and hepatobiliary diseases. Notably, bile acids are the major active ingredients of cow bezoar and bear bile, which are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with the therapeutic effects of clearing heat, detoxification, and relieving wind and spasm. In recent years, the promising performance of bile acids against infectious diseases has attracted attention from the scientific community. This paper reviews for the first time the biological activities, possible mechanisms, production routes, and potential applications of bile acids in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Compared with previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize existing studies on the use of bile acids against infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. In addition, to ensure a stable supply of bile acids at affordable prices, it is necessary to clarify the biosynthesis of bile acids , which will assist scientists in elucidating the accumulation of bile acids and discovering how to engineer various bile acids by means of chemosynthesis, biosynthesis, and chemoenzymatic synthesis. Finally, we explore the current challenges in the field and recommend a development strategy for bile-acid-based drugs and the sustainable production of bile acids. The presented studies suggest that bile acids are potential novel therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and can be artificially synthesized in a sustainable way.

中文翻译：

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胆汁酸在预防和治疗传染病方面的生物活性、机制、生产和潜在应用

传染病是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，全球新发和再发传染病呈上升趋势。因此，其预防和治疗仍然是重大挑战。胆汁酸是宿主和微生物中的常见代谢物，在控制脂质、葡萄糖和能量的代谢中发挥着重要作用。胆汁酸历来被用作相关代谢和肝胆疾病的一线、有价值的治疗剂。值得注意的是，牛黄、熊胆的主要活性成分是胆汁酸，是常用中药，具有清热解毒、祛风解痉等功效。近年来，胆汁酸抗感染性疾病的良好表现引起了科学界的关注。本文首次综述了胆汁酸在治疗和预防传染病方面的生物活性、可能的机制、生产路线和潜在应用。与之前的综述相比，我们全面总结了利用胆汁酸对抗病原微生物引起的传染病的现有研究，病原微生物是全球发病和死亡的主要原因。此外，为了确保胆汁酸以可承受的价格稳定供应，有必要阐明胆汁酸的生物合成，这将有助于科学家阐明胆汁酸的积累，并发现如何通过化学合成的方式设计各种胆汁酸，生物合成和化学酶合成。最后，我们探讨了该领域当前的挑战，并提出了基于胆汁酸的药物和胆汁酸可持续生产的发展策略。目前的研究表明，胆汁酸是治疗传染病的潜在新型治疗剂，并且可以以可持续的方式人工合成。