Children with hypermobility spectrum disorder/hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (HSD/hEDS) have a high prevalence of chronic pain, which may influence gait dynamics. However, little is known about pain outcomes and their association with gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS. Does pain correlate with gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS? Eighteen children with HSD/hEDS and eighteen typically developing (TD) children participated in the study. The current level of pain (0–10 on the numeric rating scale), modified Brief Pain Inventory, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale-Child version were implemented to assess pain in children with HSD/hEDS. All children completed a gait analysis at a self-selected speed. Mean and variability (measured using the coefficient of variation) of gait spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed. Gait parameters included stride length, stride time, gait speed, percent stance time, and step width. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the gait parameters between children with HSD/hEDS and TD children. Spearman correlations were used to examine the relationships between pain and gait spatiotemporal parameters in children with HSD/hEDS. Children with HSD/hEDS had a longer percent stance time compared to TD children (p = 0.03). Lower pain interference in relationships with other people was significantly associated with faster gait speeds (ρ = −0.55, p = 0.03). Children with HSD/hEDS also had greater pain interference during mobility (ρ = 0.5, p = 0.05) and going to school (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.01), which were significantly correlated with greater stride length variability. Greater pain interference during enjoyment of life was significantly associated with greater percent stance time variability (ρ = 0.5, p = 0.05). Greater pain catastrophizing was correlated with decreased step width variability in children with HSD/hEDS (ρ = −0.49, p = 0.05). Pain interference and catastrophe were significantly associated with gait spatiotemporal variability. Our findings suggest that assessing pain-associated gait alterations may help understand the clinical features and gait kinematics of children with HSD/hEDS.

中文翻译：

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过度活动型埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征和过度活动谱障碍儿童疼痛与步态时空参数的关系

患有过度活动谱系障碍/过度活动埃勒斯-当洛斯综合征 (HSD/hEDS) 的儿童慢性疼痛的患病率很高，这可能会影响步态动力学。然而，对于 HSD/hEDS 儿童的疼痛结果及其与步态时空参数的关系知之甚少。HSD/hEDS 儿童的疼痛与步态时空参数相关吗？十八名患有 HSD/hEDS 的儿童和十八名典型发育 (TD) 的儿童参与了这项研究。采用当前疼痛水平（数字评定量表上的 0-10）、改良版简要疼痛量表和儿童版疼痛灾难化量表来评估 HSD/hEDS 儿童的疼痛。所有孩子都以自行选择的速度完成了步态分析。分析了步态时空参数的平均值和变异性（使用变异系数测量）。步态参数包括步幅长度、步幅时间、步态速度、站立时间百分比和步宽。使用 Mann-Whitney U 检验来比较 HSD/hEDS 儿童和 TD 儿童之间的步态参数。Spearman 相关性用于检查 HSD/hEDS 儿童疼痛与步态时空参数之间的关系。与 TD 儿童相比，HSD/hEDS 儿童的站立时间百分比更长 (p = 0.03)。与他人关系中较低的疼痛干扰与较快的步态速度显着相关（ρ = -0.55，p = 0.03）。患有 HSD/hEDS 的儿童在活动（ρ = 0.5，p = 0.05）和上学（ρ = 0.65，p = 0.01）期间也有更大的疼痛干扰，这与更大的步幅变异性显着相关。享受生活期间更大的疼痛干扰与更大的站立时间变异百分比显着相关（ρ = 0.5，p = 0.05）。患有 HSD/hEDS 的儿童中，更大的疼痛灾难化与步宽变异性降低相关（ρ = -0.49，p = 0.05）。疼痛干扰和灾难与步态时空变异显着相关。我们的研究结果表明，评估与疼痛相关的步态改变可能有助于了解 HSD/hEDS 儿童的临床特征和步态运动学。