Obesity and arterial hypertension (AH) in children represent well-recognized risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) events during adult life. We investigated any changes regarding several CV risk (CVR) factors in children after a 10-year follow-up period. A cohort of 143 healthy children, elementary/high school students, 6–16 years old, was initially evaluated in 2010–2011 regarding CVR factors [obesity, blood pressure (BP), aortic stiffness (PWV), lipid profile] plus food habits/sports activity. At 10-years follow-up (2020–2021), 63/143 (44%) young adults were re-evaluated. Children with obesity (45%) had increased BP (p < 0.001) and a less favorable LDL-C/triglycerides profile (p = 0.001) compared to overweight/normoweight ones. In a 10-year follow-up, obesity and exercise improved (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005), systolic BP (SBP) (102 ± 13 vs. 118 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.001) and PWV increased (6.1 ± 1 vs. 7.7 ± 1.1 m/sec, p < 0.001), LDL-C (96 ± 21 vs. 86 ± 24 mg/dl, p = 0.004) and HDL-C + (64 ± 18 vs. 55 ± 10 mg/dl, p < 0.001) decreased, triglycerides increased (62 ± 21 vs. 73 ± 34 mg/dl, p = 0.04), and food approached the western model of nutrition (less fish/fruits). In children/young adults, BMI was associated with age (Beta = 0.47, p < 0.001 and Beta = 0.36, p = 0.004), SBP (Beta = 0.46 and Beta = 0.52, p < 0.001), and LDL-C (Beta = 0.27 and Beta = 0.44, p < 0.001). In children with obesity, increased BMI and waist circumference were related to SBP and a less favorable lipid profile. At the 10-year re-evaluation, obesity was partially improved, physical activity was increased, and SBP had reached the high-normal levels in a substantial number of young adults, while lipid profile was less favorable (for HDL-C/triglycerides) compared to baseline evaluation. Our results highlight the evolution of CVR factors from childhood to early adulthood.

中文翻译：

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10年随访研究中6-16岁儿童心血管危险因素的评估及其在成年早期的演变

儿童肥胖和动脉高血压（AH）是公认的成年后心血管（CV）事件的危险因素。我们调查了 10 年随访期后儿童中几个心血管风险 (CVR) 因素的变化。2010-2011 年，对 143 名 6-16 岁健康儿童、小学生/高中生的队列进行了初步评估，评估了 CVR 因素 [肥胖、血压 (BP)、主动脉僵硬度 (PWV)、血脂状况] 和饮食习惯/体育活动。在 10 年随访（2020-2021 年）中，63/143 (44%) 的年轻人接受了重新评估。与超重/正常体重儿童相比，肥胖儿童 (45%) 血压升高 (p < 0.001)，LDL-C/甘油三酯水平较差 (p = 0.001)。在 10 年的随访中，肥胖和运动有所改善（p < 0.001 和 p = 0.005），收缩压 (SBP)（102 ± 13 vs. 118 ± 11 mmHg，p < 0.001）和 PWV 增加（6.1 ± 1） vs. 7.7 ± 1.1 m/sec, p < 0.001)、LDL-C (96 ± 21 vs. 86 ± 24 mg/dl, p = 0.004) 和 HDL-C + (64 ± 18 vs. 55 ± 10 mg/dl) dl，p < 0.001）下降，甘油三酯增加（62 ± 21 vs. 73 ± 34 mg/dl，p = 0.04），食物接近西方营养模式（更少的鱼/水果）。在儿童/年轻人中，BMI 与年龄（Beta = 0.47，p < 0.001 和 Beta = 0.36，p = 0.004）、SBP（Beta = 0.46 和 Beta = 0.52，p < 0.001）和 LDL-C（Beta = 0.27 且 Beta = 0.44，p < 0.001）。在肥胖儿童中，体重指数和腰围的增加与收缩压和血脂状况较差有关。在10年的重新评估中，大量年轻人的肥胖得到部分改善，体力活动增加，收缩压达到正常高水平，而血脂状况较差（HDL-C/甘油三酯）与基线评估相比。我们的结果强调了 CVR 因素从童年到成年早期的演变。