has high host flexibility, infecting all nucleated cells of mammals and birds. This implies that during its infective process the parasite must constantly adapt to different environmental situations, which in turn leads to modifications in its metabolism, regulation of gene transcription, translation of mRNAs and stage specific factors. There are conserved pathways that support these adaptations, which we aim to elucidate in this review. We begin by exploring the widespread epigenetic mechanisms and transcription regulators, continue with the supportive role of Heat Shock Proteins (Hsp), the translation regulation, stress granules, and finish with the emergence of contingency genes in highly variable genomic domains, such as subtelomeres. Within epigenetics, the discovery of a new histone variant of the H2B family (H2B.Z), contributing to virulence and differentiation, but also gene expression regulation and its association with the metabolic state of the parasite, is highlighted. Associated with the regulation of gene expression are transcription factors (TFs). An overview of the main findings on TF and development is presented. We also emphasize the role of Hsp90 and Tgj1 in metabolic fitness and the regulation of protein translation. Translation regulation is also highlighted as a mechanism for adaptation to conditions encountered by the parasite as well as stress granules containing mRNA and proteins generated in the extracellular tachyzoite. Another important aspect in evolution and adaptability are the subtelomeres because of their high variability and gene duplication rate. possess multigene families of membrane proteins and contingency genes that are associated with different metabolic stresses. Among them parasite differentiation and environmental stresses stand out, including those that lead tachyzoite to bradyzoite conversion. Finally, we are interested in positioning protozoa as valuable evolution models, focusing on research related to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis, based on models recently generated, such as extracellular adaptation and ex vivo cyst recrudescence.

中文翻译：

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弓形虫的适应和进化机制

宿主灵活性高，可感染哺乳动物和鸟类的所有有核细胞。这意味着在感染过程中，寄生虫必须不断适应不同的环境情况，从而导致其代谢、基因转录调节、mRNA 翻译和阶段特异性因子发生改变。有一些保守的途径支持这些适应，我们的目的是在这篇综述中阐明这些途径。我们首先探索广泛的表观遗传机制和转录调节因子，继续研究热休克蛋白 (Hsp)、翻译调节、应激颗粒的支持作用，最后以高度可变的基因组结构域（例如亚端粒）中意外基因的出现作为结束。在表观遗传学中，强调了 H2B 家族的一种新组蛋白变体 (H2B.Z) 的发现，该变体不仅有助于毒力和分化，而且还有助于基因表达调控及其与寄生虫代谢状态的关联。与基因表达调节相关的是转录因子（TF）。概述了关于 TF 和发展的主要发现。我们还强调 Hsp90 和 Tgj1 在代谢适应性和蛋白质翻译调节中的作用。翻译调节也被强调为适应寄生虫所遇到的条件以及细胞外速殖子中产生的含有 mRNA 和蛋白质的应激颗粒的机制。进化和适应性的另一个重要方面是亚端粒，因为它们具有高变异性和基因重复率。拥有膜蛋白的多基因家族和与不同代谢应激相关的应急基因。其中寄生虫分化和环境应激尤为突出，包括那些导致速殖子向缓殖子转化的因素。最后，我们有兴趣将原生动物定位为有价值的进化模型，重点关注与扩展进化综合相关的研究，基于最近生成的模型，例如细胞外适应和离体囊肿复发。