Hormones control developmental and physiological processes, often by regulating the expression of multiple genes simultaneously or sequentially. Crosstalk between hormones and epigenetics is pivotal to dynamically coordinate this process. Hormonal signals can guide the addition and removal of epigenetic marks, steering gene expression. Conversely, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs can modulate regional chromatin structure and accessibility and regulate the expression of numerous (hormone-related) genes. Here, we provide a review of the interplay between the classical insect hormones, ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones, and epigenetics. We summarize the mode-of-action and roles of these hormones in post-embryonic development, and provide a general overview of epigenetic mechanisms. We then highlight recent advances on the interactions between these hormonal pathways and epigenetics, and their involvement in development. Furthermore, we give an overview of several ‘omics techniques employed in the field. Finally, we discuss which questions remain unanswered and possible avenues for future research.

中文翻译：

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解开棘手的结：昆虫发育激素信号传导与表观遗传机制之间相互交织的相互作用

激素通常通过同时或顺序调节多个基因的表达来控制发育和生理过程。激素和表观遗传学之间的串扰对于动态协调这一过程至关重要。激素信号可以指导表观遗传标记的添加和去除，控制基因表达。相反，DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA 可以调节区域染色质结构和可及性，并调节众多（激素相关）基因的表达。在这里，我们回顾了经典昆虫激素、蜕皮类固醇和保幼激素以及表观遗传学之间的相互作用。我们总结了这些激素在胚胎后发育中的作用模式和作用，并概述了表观遗传机制。然后，我们重点介绍这些激素途径和表观遗传学之间的相互作用及其参与发育的最新进展。此外，我们概述了该领域使用的几种组学技术。最后，我们讨论哪些问题仍未得到解答以及未来研究的可能途径。