Conductive polymers are favourable materials for energy storage due to their high electrical conductivity (>10 S cm), lightweight nature, controllable resistance, cost-effectiveness, flexibility and excellent electrochemical properties. Conjugated polymers are similar but have additional qualities, such as environmental stability and mechanical properties. However, these materials can have limitations when used alone. By mixing them with other materials, we can prepare conducting polymer composites that have even more uses in fields like electronics, optics and energy storage. This article reviews the properties of conducting polymers and their composites, including their ability to conduct electricity and their thermal, electrochemical, optical and mechanical characteristics. We also explore recent advancements in how these materials are used, such as in batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells and in sensing things like chemicals, gases and biological materials. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the synthesis methodologies, properties and diverse applications of conducting polymers and their nanostructured hybrids.

中文翻译：

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有机共轭聚合物及其纳米结构复合材料：合成方法和电化学应用

导电聚合物具有高电导率（>10 S cm）、轻质、可控电阻、成本效益、灵活性和优异的电化学性能，是理想的储能材料。共轭聚合物类似，但具有额外的品质，例如环境稳定性和机械性能。然而，这些材料单独使用时可能有局限性。通过将它们与其他材料混合，我们可以制备导电聚合物复合材料，该复合材料在电子、光学和能源存储等领域具有更多用途。本文回顾了导电聚合物及其复合材料的性能，包括其导电能力及其热、电化学、光学和机械特性。我们还探索了这些材料如何使用的最新进展，例如在电池、超级电容器、燃料电池、太阳能电池以及传感化学品、气体和生物材料等方面的进展。本文的目的是提供关于导电聚合物及其纳米结构杂化物的合成方法、性能和多样化应用的全面视角。