Anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) are the first choice for the treatment of epilepsy, but there is still one-third of patients with epilepsy (PWEs) who are resistant to two or more appropriately chosen ASDs, named drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), a common type of epilepsy usually associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), shares the highest proportion of drug resistance (approximately 70%). In view of the key role of the temporal lobe in memory, emotion, and other physiological functions, patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE) are often accompanied by serious complications, and surgical procedures also yield extra considerations. The exact mechanisms for the genesis of DR-TLE remain unillustrated, which makes it hard to manage patients with DR-TLE in clinical practice. Animal models of DR-TLE play an irreplaceable role in both understanding the mechanism and searching for new therapeutic strategies or drugs. In this review article, we systematically summarized different types of current DR-TLE models, and then recent advances in mechanism investigations obtained in these models were presented, especially with the development of advanced experimental techniques and tools. We are deeply encouraged that novel strategies show great therapeutic potential in those DR-TLE models. Based on the big steps reached from the bench, a new light has been shed on the precise management of DR-TLE.

中文翻译：

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啮齿动物耐药颞叶癫痫模型的最新进展：实验室研究的提示

抗癫痫药物（ASD）是治疗癫痫的首选药物，但仍有三分之一的癫痫患者（PWE）对两种或两种以上适当选择的ASD具有耐药性，称为耐药性癫痫（DRE） 。颞叶癫痫 (TLE) 是一种常见的癫痫类型，通常与海马硬化 (HS) 相关，其耐药性比例最高（约 70%）。鉴于颞叶在记忆、情感等生理功能中的关键作用，耐药性颞叶癫痫（DR-TLE）患者往往伴有严重的并发症，手术操作也需要额外考虑。 DR-TLE 发生的确切机制尚未阐明，这使得在临床实践中管理 DR-TLE 患者变得困难。 DR-TLE动物模型在理解其机制和寻找新的治疗策略或药物方面发挥着不可替代的作用。在这篇综述文章中，我们系统地总结了当前不同类型的 DR-TLE 模型，然后介绍了这些模型中机制研究的最新进展，特别是随着先进实验技术和工具的发展。我们深受鼓舞的是，新策略在 DR-TLE 模型中显示出巨大的治疗潜力。基于从替补席上迈出的大步，我们对 DR-TLE 的精确管理有了新的认识。