Seamounts are submerged marine mountains across the world's oceans at complex geological and hydrodynamic sites, hosting significant biodiversity and economically important species. However, their inaccessibility impairs long-term surveys and subsequent knowledge of their biodiversity and dynamics. Among the available tools to support decision-management of ecosystems with such characteristics (e.g., ecological models; frameworks), we hereby conduct a systematic review of ecological models available for seamounts. Furthermore, we apply an adapted DPSIR framework (DAPSI(W)R(M)) to understand current and emergent pressures, the state of the system, and its impacts. Following this approach, we discuss the suitability and limitations of ecological models to support seamounts management plans under the current state and emergent challenges. Results show that the number of ecological models applied to seamounts has been increasing since 2009, focusing on Phylum Chordata (mostly fishes), and are mostly species distribution and habitat suitability models (40.3% and 23.6%, respectively). While acknowledging the importance of these studies, we have identified that existing models do not entirely suit the emergent challenges of seamounts, especially deep-sea mining and climate change. To cope with this, we propose that future seamount models should account for: i) other Phyla and species relevant for seamount ecology, ii) describe the effects of isolated and combined interactions of stressors over time and space, and iii) present the uncertainty associated with results. Such a framework can be achieved through model ensemble approaches that can fully assess the extent and magnitude of present and future pressures and associated effects. Finally, as most of the seamount distribution is in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the current legislation of these areas is scarce, it is urgent to formulate regulatory frameworks to support holistic management actions in seamounts and promote ethical and environmentally responsible practices for sustainable use of ecosystem services and maintain a healthy functioning of these ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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海山生态模型：对模型对新兴挑战的适用性的全面审查和评估

海山是世界各地海洋中复杂的地质和水动力场所的水下海洋山脉，拥有重要的生物多样性和经济上重要的物种。然而，它们的不可接近性损害了长期调查以及随后对其生物多样性和动态的了解。在支持具有此类特征的生态系统决策管理的可用工具（例如生态模型；框架）中，我们特此对可用于海山的生态模型进行系统审查。此外，我们应用改编的 DPSIR 框架 (DAPSI(W)R(M)) 来了解当前和紧急压力、系统状态及其影响。按照这种方法，我们讨论了在当前状况和紧急挑战下支持海山管理计划的生态模型的适用性和局限性。结果表明，自2009年以来，应用于海山的生态模型数量不断增加，主要集中在脊索动物门（主要是鱼类），且多为物种分布和生境适宜性模型（分别为40.3%和23.6%）。在承认这些研究重要性的同时，我们发现现有模型并不完全适合海山面临的新挑战，特别是深海采矿和气候变化。为了解决这个问题，我们建议未来的海山模型应考虑：i）与海山生态相关的其他门和物种，ii）描述压力源随时间和空间的孤立和组合相互作用的影响，以及iii）呈现相关的不确定性有结果。这样的框架可以通过模型集成方法来实现，该方法可以充分评估当前和未来压力以及相关影响的程度和程度。最后，由于大部分海山分布在国家管辖范围以外的地区，而这些地区目前的立法匮乏，因此迫切需要制定监管框架来支持海山的整体管理行动，并促进对可持续利用的道德和环境负责的做法。生态系统服务并维持这些生态系统的健康运转。