Cowpea weevil, , is the primary pest of stored cowpea seeds. The management of this infestation currently relies on insecticides, resulting in environmental pollution and selection of insecticide-resistant pests. Consequently, research efforts are being devoted to identify natural insecticides as sustainable and environment friendly alternatives for the control of . In this study, we explore the toxic effects of the nonhost seeds and , on the cowpea weevil . Notably, all nonhost seeds led to reductions between 60 and 100% in oviposition by females. Additionally, the larvae were unable to penetrate the nonhost seeds. Artificial seeds containing 0.05% to 10% of cotyledon flour were toxic to larvae. Approximately 40% of larvae that consumed seeds containing 0.05% of failed to develop, in contrast to control larvae. Proteomic analysis of and seeds identify revealed a total of 371 proteins. From those, 237 are present in both seeds, 91 were exclusive to seeds, and 43 were specific to seeds. Some of these proteins are related to defense, such as proteins containing the cupin domain and 11S seed storage protein. The docking of cupin domain-containing proteins and 11S storage protein with -acetylglucosamine (NAG) showed negative values of affinity energy, indicating spontaneous binding. These results showed that nonhost seeds have natural insecticide compounds with potential to control infestation.

中文翻译：

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非寄主物种的种子作为豇豆象甲 Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) 有毒化合物的来源

豇豆象甲是储存豇豆种子的主要害虫。目前对这种虫害的管理依赖于杀虫剂，导致环境污染和对杀虫剂具有抗性的害虫的选择。因此，研究工作致力于确定天然杀虫剂作为控制昆虫的可持续且环境友好的替代品。在这项研究中，我们探讨了非寄主种子和豇豆象甲的毒性作用。值得注意的是，所有非寄主种子都会导致雌性产卵量减少 60% 至 100%。此外，幼虫无法穿透非寄主种子。含有0.05%至10%子叶粉的人造种子对幼虫有毒。与对照幼虫相比，大约 40% 的幼虫在食用含有 0.05% 的种子后未能发育。蛋白质组分析和种子鉴定揭示了总共 371 个蛋白质。其中，237 种存在于两种种子中，91 种是种子独有的，43 种是种子特有的。其中一些蛋白质与防御相关，例如含有 cupin 结构域的蛋白质和 11S 种子储存蛋白。含cupin结构域的蛋白质和11S储存蛋白与乙酰氨基葡萄糖(NAG)的对接显示出亲和能负值，表明自发结合。这些结果表明，非寄主种子具有天然杀虫剂化合物，具有控制侵染的潜力。