Learning losses during the COVID-19 pandemic have been well documented. In this paper, we attempt to learn more about the determinants of the magnitude of the adverse effects of the emergency shift to remote learning in Polish upper secondary schools. Because of concerns that differences in access to and quality of local internet would disadvantage lower socio-economic status children, the analysis focuses on local internet speed and the structure of remote classes. We adopt a value-added framework to account for differences among students, families, and prior school quality and find that local internet speed and the structure of remote classes are strongly related to the achievement of vocational school students. Those in communities with internet speed in the lowest decile fare particularly poorly in mathematics, highlighting the adverse effects of deficiencies in infrastructure and access to higher-quality internet services.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 期间，互联网服务的质量和相关的阶级结构是否影响了波兰的教育成绩？

COVID-19 大流行期间的学习损失已有充分记录。在本文中，我们试图更多地了解波兰高中紧急转向远程学习的不利影响程度的决定因素。由于担心本地互联网接入和质量的差异会对社会经济地位较低的儿童不利，因此分析的重点是本地互联网速度和远程课程的结构。我们采用增值框架来考虑学生、家庭和先前学校质量之间的差异，发现当地互联网速度和远程课程结构与职业学校学生的成绩密切相关。那些生活在互联网速度最低十分之一的社区的人在数学方面的成绩尤其差，这突显了基础设施和获得更高质量互联网服务的缺陷所带来的不利影响。