Regenerating bone tissue in critical-sized craniofacial bone defects remains challenging and requires the implementation of innovative bone implants with early stage osteogenesis and blood vessel formation. Vitamin D3 is incorporated into MgO-doped 3D-printed scaffolds for defect-specific and patient-specific implants in low load-bearing areas. This novel bone implant also promotes early stage osteogenesis and blood vessel development. Our results show that vitamin D3-loaded MgO-doped 3D-printed scaffolds enhance osteoblast cell proliferation 1.3-fold after being cultured for 7 days. Coculture studies on osteoblasts derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and osteoclasts derived from monocytes show the upregulation of genes related to osteoblastogenesis and the downregulation of RANK-L, which is essential for osteoclastogenesis. Release of vitamin D3 also inhibits osteoclast differentiation by 1.9-fold after a 21-day culture. After 6 weeks, vitamin D3 release from MgO-doped 3D-printed scaffolds enhances the new bone formation, mineralization, and angiogenic potential. The multifunctional 3D-printed scaffolds can improve early stage osteogenesis and blood vessel formation in craniofacial bone defects.

中文翻译：

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掺杂 MgO 的 3D 打印 TCP 支架释放维生素 D3 用于骨再生

在临界尺寸的颅面骨缺损中再生骨组织仍然具有挑战性，需要实施具有早期成骨和血管形成的创新骨植入物。维生素 D3 被纳入掺杂 MgO 的 3D 打印支架中，用于低承重区域的特定缺陷和特定患者植入物。这种新型骨植入物还促进早期成骨和血管发育。我们的结果表明，负载维生素 D3 的 MgO 掺杂 3D 打印支架在培养 7 天后可将成骨细胞增殖增强 1.3 倍。对人间充质干细胞 (hMSC) 来源的成骨细胞和单核细胞来源的破骨细胞的共培养研究表明，与成骨细胞生成相关的基因上调，而 RANK-L 下调，而 RANK-L 对破骨细胞生成至关重要。培养 21 天后，维生素 D3 的释放还会抑制破骨细胞分化 1.9 倍。6 周后，维生素 D3 从掺杂 MgO 的 3D 打印支架中释放出来，增强了新骨的形成、矿化和血管生成潜力。多功能3D打印支架可以改善颅面骨缺损的早期成骨和血管形成。