Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants and young children.1 RSV is highly transmissible, and in temperate climate zones, seasonal epidemics occur during autumn and winter months.2 Worldwide bronchiolitis places a substantial burden on healthcare resources.1 Each year, RSV is estimated to cause 30 million cases of lower respiratory tract infection in children under 5 years of age and be responsible for over 3 million hospitalisations.1 3 Around 200 000 deaths occur mainly in lower-income countries.1 3 In high-income countries, bronchiolitis is the most common reason for infants to be admitted to hospital.4 A spectrum of disease occurs in RSV bronchiolitis. This ranges from a mild illness not requiring any intervention to more significant problems needing hospitalisation for supportive treatment to maintain hydration and/or oxygenation.1 4 Effective specific treatments for RSV bronchiolitis remain elusive.5 6 Vaccination (passive, active or maternal) holds great promise to limit disease in young children and older adults but has previously been limited to passive immunisation in high-risk groups.7–9 Two products are now licensed for protective immunisation, and it is highly probable that one will be employed in the paediatric population in the UK in winter 2024/25.8 10 11 Airway pathophysiology associated with RSV bronchiolitis is focused on the distal bronchioles where obstruction and distal atelectasis occurs.1 Release of proinflammatory mediators generates acute inflammation …

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞和 RSV：随年龄的差异

呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV) 仍然是婴幼儿细支气管炎的主要原因。1 RSV 具有高度传播性，在温带气候地区，秋季和冬季会发生季节性流行。2 全球范围内的细支气管炎给医疗资源带来了沉重负担。 1 据估计，RSV 每年会导致 3000 万例 5 岁以下儿童下呼吸道感染病例，并导致超过 300 万人住院。1 3 约 20 万人死亡主要发生在低收入国家。1 3 在在高收入国家，细支气管炎是婴儿入院的最常见原因。4 RSV 细支气管炎会发生一系列疾病。范围从不需要任何干预的轻微疾病到需要住院支持治疗以维持水合和/或氧合的更严重问题。1 4 RSV 细支气管炎的有效特异性治疗仍然难以捉摸。5 6 疫苗接种（被动、主动或母体）效果很好承诺限制幼儿和老年人的疾病，但之前仅限于高危人群的被动免疫。7-9 两种产品现已获得用于保护性免疫的许可，其中一种很可能将用于儿科人群英国冬季 2024/25.8 10 11 与 RSV 细支气管炎相关的气道病理生理学主要集中在发生阻塞和远端肺不张的远端细支气管。1 促炎介质的释放会产生急性炎症……