Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by two defining neuropathological hallmarks: amyloid plaques composed of Aβ aggregates and neurofibrillary pathology. Recent research suggests that microglia have both beneficial and detrimental effects in the development of AD. A new theory proposes that microglia play a beneficial role in the early stages of the disease but become harmful in later stages. Further investigations are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of this shift in microglia’s function. This transition is likely influenced by specific conditions, including spatial, temporal, and transcriptional factors, which ultimately lead to the deterioration of microglial functionality. Additionally, recent studies have also highlighted the potential influence of microglia diversity on the various manifestations of AD. By deciphering the multiple states of microglia and the phenotypic heterogeneity in AD, significant progress can be made towards personalized medicine and better treatment outcomes for individuals affected by AD.

中文翻译：

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小胶质细胞的二分活动：阿尔茨海默病表型异质性的潜在驱动因素

阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 是痴呆症的主要原因，其特征是两个明确的神经病理学标志：由 Aβ 聚集体组成的淀粉样斑块和神经原纤维病理学。最近的研究表明，小胶质细胞对 AD 的发展既有有益的作用，也有有害的作用。一项新理论提出，小胶质细胞在疾病的早期阶段发挥有益作用，但在后期阶段变得有害。需要进一步的研究来全面了解小胶质细胞功能的这种转变。这种转变可能受到特定条件的影响，包括空间、时间和转录因素，最终导致小胶质细胞功能恶化。此外，最近的研究还强调了小胶质细胞多样性对 AD 各种表现的潜在影响。通过破译 AD 中小胶质细胞的多种状态和表型异质性，可以在个性化医疗和为 AD 患者提供更好的治疗结果方面取得重大进展。