Three segments, which are the upstream, midstream, and downstream, make up the oil and gas business. At each stage of these oil and gas operations, there are differences in hazard and risk management that affect emergency management. Offshore emergency management presents more challenges compared to onshore emergency management, this is largely due to the remote and harsh environment, limited resources, and potential risk to human lives. The type of emergency also affects the level of challenge faced by offshore and onshore emergency management. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on effective emergency management in the oil and gas industry, requiring companies to adapt and adjust their emergency response plans, procedures, and technology to ensure the safety of personnel and the public while maintaining effective emergency management capabilities. The main objective of this study is to identify the challenges of emergency management and compare the offshore and onshore emergency management processes based on the element of effective emergency management. Document review using the PRISMA analysis was applied to compare offshore and onshore emergency management based on a review of 22 articles. The PRISMA analysis identified 22 relevant studies that covered a range of topics related to emergency management, including command structures, planning and information management, communication, situation awareness, and resources and logistics. Thereafter, the face validity method was used to examine the perspective of 10 emergency management professionals to validate these findings. Offshore and onshore facilities both possess different risks in emergency situations. Based on the results, it is essential to manage command structure, planning, information management, communication, situation awareness, resources, and logistics during disaster response and recovery stages. These five elements are critical to emergency management. Both offshore and onshore emergency management have their own unique challenges in resource constraints, weather conditions, accessibility and communication.

中文翻译：

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管理海上紧急情况的挑战：海上和陆上观点的比较

石油和天然气业务由上游、中游和下游三个部分组成。在这些石油和天然气作业的每个阶段，影响应急管理的危害和风险管理都存在差异。与陆上应急管理相比，海上应急管理面临更多挑战，这主要是由于环境偏远恶劣、资源有限以及对人员生命造成潜在风险。紧急情况的类型也会影响海上和陆上应急管理面临的挑战程度。Covid-19大流行对石油和天然气行业的有效应急管理产生了重大影响，要求公司适应和调整其应急响应计划、程序和技术，以确保人员和公众的安全，同时保持有效的应急管理能力。本研究的主要目的是确定应急管理的挑战，并基于有效应急管理的要素比较海上和陆上应急管理流程。基于对 22 篇文章的审查，使用 PRISMA 分析进行的文件审查被用于比较海上和陆上应急管理。PRISMA 分析确定了 22 项相关研究，涵盖了与应急管理相关的一系列主题，包括指挥结构、规划和信息管理、通信、态势感知以及资源和后勤。此后，使用表面效度方法检验 10 名应急管理专业人员的观点，以验证这些发现。海上和陆上设施在紧急情况下都具有不同的风险。根据结果​​，在灾难响应和恢复阶段管理指挥结构、规划、信息管理、通信、态势感知、资源和后勤至关重要。这五个要素对于应急管理至关重要。海上和陆上应急管理在资源限制、天气条件、可达性和通信方面都有其独特的挑战。