Space is a challenging environment that deregulates individual homeostasis. The main external hazards associated with spaceflight include ionizing space radiation, microgravity, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, and hostile environment. Characterizing the biological responses to spaceflight environment is essential to validate the health risks, and to develop effective protection strategies. Mitochondria energetics is a key mechanism underpinning many physiological, ecological and evolutionary processes. Moreover, mitochondrial stress can be considered one of the fundamental features of space travel. So, we attempt to synthesize key information regarding the extensive effects of spaceflight on mitochondria. In summary, mitochondria are affected by all of the five main hazards of spaceflight at multiple levels, including their morphology, respiratory function, protein, and genetics, in various tissues and organ systems. We emphasize that investigating mitochondrial biology in spaceflight conditions should become the central focus of research on the impacts of spaceflight on human health, as this approach will help resolve numerous challenges of space health and combat several health disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

中文翻译：

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航天环境中的线粒体应激

太空是一个充满挑战的环境，会破坏个体的体内平衡。与太空飞行相关的主要外部危害包括电离空间辐射、微重力、隔离和限制、距地球的距离以及恶劣的环境。表征对航天环境的生物反应对于验证健康风险和制定有效的保护策略至关重要。线粒体能量学是支撑许多生理、生态和进化过程的关键机制。此外，线粒体应激可以被认为是太空旅行的基本特征之一。因此，我们尝试综合有关太空飞行对线粒体广泛影响的关键信息。总之，线粒体在多个层面上受到航天五种主要危险的影响，包括各种组织和器官系统的形态、呼吸功能、蛋白质和遗传学。我们强调，研究航天条件下的线粒体生物学应该成为航天对人类健康影响研究的中心焦点，因为这种方法将有助于解决太空健康的众多挑战，并对抗与线粒体功能障碍相关的几种健康疾病。