Real-world engineering problems are ill-defined and complex, and solving them may arouse negative epistemic affect (feelings experienced within problem-solving). These feelings fall into sequenced patterns (affective pathways). Over time, these patterns can alter students' attitudes toward engineering. Meta-affect (affect or cognition about affect) can shape or reframe affective pathways, changing a student's problem-solving experience.

中文翻译：

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工科学生解决不明确问题时的认知情感和元情感

现实世界的工程问题是不明确且复杂的，解决这些问题可能会引起负面的认知影响（在解决问题过程中体验到的感受）。这些感觉分为有序模式（情感路径）。随着时间的推移，这些模式可以改变学生对工程的态度。元情感（情感或对情感的认知）可以塑造或重构情感路径，改变学生解决问题的体验。