Renewable inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as wind energy conversion systems (WSs), replace directly grid-connected synchronous machines (SMs). Standard grid-following (GFL) control of IBRs decreases the power system inertia. This article proposes virtual synchronous machine (VSM)-based grid-forming (GFM) control for doubly fed induction machine (DFIM)-based WSs with the following extensions: feedforward torque control (FTC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), MPPT compensation for accurate inertia emulation, reference power point tracking to provide energy reserves, dynamic droop saturation control to mitigate power overloading, and grid voltage control utilizing DFIM stator and rotor-side back-to-back inverter reactive power. The WSs are integrated into the IEEE 9-bus test system. Comprehensive simulation results give insights into (V)SM-based power system dynamics. Compared with existing VSM control without FTC, the proposed FTC increases the wind energy yield, i.e., typical MPPT performance is achieved, similar to GFL control. For high power penetration of IBRs, the proposed VSM control enables stable operation due to its GFM capability, whereas GFL control tends to instability. The VSM provides higher power system damping than a real SM due to adaptable internal damping. If wind power reserves are available, the fast VSM droop control provides additional damping by adapting the virtual turbine power without the dominant delays of real turbine dynamics.

中文翻译：

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基于双馈感应电机的风能转换系统的虚拟同步电机控制

基于可再生逆变器的资源（IBR），例如风能转换系统（WS），取代了直接并网的同步电机（SM）。 IBR 的标准电网跟随 (GFL) 控制可降低电力系统惯性。本文提出了基于虚拟同步机 (VSM) 的网格形成 (GFM) 控制，用于基于双馈感应电机 (DFIM) 的 WS，并具有以下扩展：用于最大功率点跟踪 (MPPT) 的前馈扭矩控制 (FTC)、MPPT用于精确惯性仿真的补偿、用于提供能量储备的参考功率点跟踪、用于减轻功率过载的动态下垂饱和控制，以及利用 DFIM 定子和转子侧背靠背逆变器无功功率的电网电压控制。 WS 集成到 IEEE 9 总线测试系统中。综合仿真结果可深入了解基于 (V)SM 的电力系统动态。与现有不带 FTC 的 VSM 控制相比，所提出的 FTC 提高了风能产量，即实现了典型的 MPPT 性能，类似于 GFL 控制。对于 IBR 的高功率穿透，所提出的 VSM 控制由于其 GFM 功能而能够稳定运行，而 GFL 控制则趋于不稳定。由于内部阻尼适应性强，VSM 提供比实际 SM 更高的电力系统阻尼。如果风力储备可用，快速 VSM 下垂控制可通过调整虚拟涡轮机功率来提供额外的阻尼，而不会出现实际涡轮机动态的主要延迟。