Plastic waste has become a major contributor to global environmental pollution. Some of the environmental impacts of plastic waste include littering, the formation of plastic debris in oceans and the contamination of freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Policymakers face great challenges in mitigating plastic waste. Indonesia is considered the second largest contributor of plastic waste in the world. However, existing policies have not addressed this issue. Policies, such as bans on single-use plastic bags and fees on plastic bags, have recently been implemented in some pilot cities, but the results remain unclear. Thus, this study proposes feasible policies to mitigate plastic waste in Indonesia using system dynamics. Specifically, this study seeks to develop a dynamic model of plastic waste mitigation and to propose a policy scenario for plastic waste mitigation. The proposed policies consist of a plastic bag ban, a plastic bag fee, a recycling centre and extended producer responsibility (EPR). The analysis demonstrates that an effective mixed policy instrument for reducing plastic waste depends on the plastic waste type. Regarding plastic bottles, the effective mixed policy is a combination of a recycling centre and EPR. For plastic bags, the effective mixed policies include the following combinations: a plastic bag fee and plastic bag ban, a plastic bag fee and recycling centre and a plastic bag ban and recycling centre.

中文翻译：

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利用系统动力学减少印度尼西亚塑料废物的政策情景

塑料垃圾已成为全球环境污染的主要来源。塑料废物对环境的一些影响包括乱扔垃圾、海洋中塑料碎片的形成以及淡水和陆地栖息地的污染。政策制定者在减少塑料废物方面面临着巨大挑战。印度尼西亚被认为是世界上第二大塑料废物排放国。然而，现有的政策并没有解决这个问题。近期，部分试点城市开始实施禁用一次性塑料袋、塑料袋收费等政策，但效果尚不明朗。因此，本研究提出了利用系统动力学减少印度尼西亚塑料废物的可行政策。具体来说，本研究旨在开发塑料废物减少的动态模型，并提出塑料废物减少的政策方案。拟议的政策包括塑料袋禁令、塑料袋收费、回收中心和延伸生产者责任（EPR）。分析表明，减少塑料废物的有效混合政策工具取决于塑料废物的类型。对于塑料瓶，有效的混合政策是回收中心和EPR的结合。对于塑料袋，有效的混合政策包括以下组合：塑料袋费和塑料袋禁令、塑料袋费和回收中心以及塑料袋禁令和回收中心。