The central question addressed in this article is how social ties within and outside the neighbourhood are articulated in different contexts for various population groups. Two major perspectives emerge from the literature on personal networks, neighbourhood effects, and neighbourhood-based social capital. The first assumes a compensation mechanism, whereby local and extra-local ties flourish at each other’s expense. The second considers that these two types of ties can be cumulated. After presenting the interpretations and empirical data that support these two perspectives and highlighting the persistent ambiguity on the issue, they are tested with the support of an original survey of 2572 people in 14 neighbourhoods in the Paris and Lyon metropolitan regions. A range of indicators for social ties is used to build two indices, one for local ties and one for extra-local ties. The article then examines variations between these indices as a function of individual characteristics and contexts to test whether compensation or cumulation exists between the local and extra-local ties. The main findings are, first, that local and extra-local ties each evolve along one dimension. In particular, working-class social ties do not appear to have a specific pattern. Second, compensation exists, but cumulation of local and extra-local ties is predominant. Lastly, this cumulation is a factor of inequalities. It benefits those with the most resources in terms of income, qualifications and occupation, as well as the residents of upper-class or gentrified neighbourhoods. Geographical origins also play a role for the descendants of immigrants, who establish fewer extra-local ties.

中文翻译：

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邻里内外的社会联系：补偿与积累之间

本文讨论的核心问题是如何在不同的背景下针对不同的人口群体阐明社区内外的社会关系。关于个人网络、邻里效应和基于邻里的社会资本的文献中出现了两个主要观点。第一个假设是一种补偿机制，通过这种机制，地方和地方外的联系以相互损害为代价而蓬勃发展。第二种认为这两种关系可以累积。在提出支持这两种观点的解释和经验数据并强调该问题上持续存在的模糊性之后，它们在对巴黎和里昂大都市区 14 个街区 2572 人的原始调查的支持下进行了测试。使用一系列社会关系指标来建立两个指数，一个用于本地关系，一个用于本地外关系。然后，本文将这些指数之间的变化作为个人特征和背景的函数进行研究，以测试本地和本地外联系之间是否存在补偿或累积。主要发现是，首先，本地和本地外的联系都沿着一个维度发展。特别是，工人阶级的社会关系似乎没有特定的模式。其次，补偿是存在的，但地方和地方外联系的累积占主导地位。最后，这种积累是不平等的一个因素。它有利于那些在收入、资格和职业方面拥有最多资源的人，以及上层阶级或高档社区的居民。地理出身对于移民后代也发挥着重要作用，他们与当地以外的联系较少。