While there is a growing interest in citizen-led initiatives, there is still no consensus on how to situate them, especially in relation to state institutions. On the one hand, citizen-led initiatives are seen as being co-opted by formal institutions in a context of austerity. On the other hand, these initiatives are often presented as “spaces of resistance” to neoliberalism, or as political acts of reclaiming the city. Mapping and tracing urban gardening and dumpster diving from their grassroots emergence to their inclusion in the institutional world through a two-level analysis, we show that individuals and loosely organized collectives involved in such initiatives are embedded in complex relationships with local institutions and third sector organizations that do, in turn, structure their practice and its consequences. The two-level analysis we propose follows this process: it is through interactions and relationships with other “practitioners” and with their social and institutional environment that these urban social practices gradually institutionalize.

中文翻译：

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在紧缩背景下创建当地“公民治理空间”：蒙特利尔（加拿大）的粮食回收和城市园艺作为务实发明替代方案的方法

尽管人们对公民主导的倡议越来越感兴趣，但对于如何定位它们仍然没有达成共识，特别是在国家机构方面。一方面，公民主导的举措被视为在紧缩背景下被正式机构所采纳。另一方面，这些举措往往被描述为对新自由主义的“抵抗空间”，或者是收复城市的政治行为。通过两级分析，我们对城市园艺和垃圾箱潜水从草根出现到纳入机构世界的过程进行了映射和追踪，我们表明参与此类举措的个人和松散组织的集体嵌入了与当地机构和第三部门组织的复杂关系中反过来，它们确实构建了他们的实践及其后果。我们提出的两层分析遵循这样一个过程：正是通过与其他“实践者”及其社会和制度环境的互动和关系，这些城市社会实践逐渐制度化。