Waste management has been developing in response to needs. The need to get rid of unwanted materials has always been a motivation but using the resource value of waste has also been a driver from the stone age and forwards. In affluent times not so much. Sanitation became a motivation with the discovery of pathogenic microorganisms in the mid-19th century, and after World War 2 (WW2) a strong focus on environmental protection developed, and in recent times, the resource aspect has received an interest despite material affluence. Legislation has been one of the drivers for recent developments, in the case of Sweden, the environmental protection legislation came in the late 1960s, and a few years later, the municipalities got the exclusive right to collect and manage household waste. Many local and regional waste management companies were established, owned by the municipalities. These organizations became agents of development, due to the increased scope and capacity. Adding to the environmental protection agenda, a renewed interest in waste as a resource was initiated by the oil crises of the 1970s, resulting in new waste incineration plants, with energy recovery, connected to already existing district heating networks. Mistakes, failures and alarms in the 1970s and the 1980s resulted in treatment method improvements and the establishment of source separation as an integral part of waste management. The waste management community stands strong today and is taking a more proactive role than before, which includes a stronger focus on communication with other stakeholders.

中文翻译：

---

从倾销到循环经济：没有成功就像失败

废物管理一直在响应需求而发展。摆脱不需要的材料的需要一直是一个动机，但利用废物的资源价值也是从石器时代及以后的驱动力。在富裕的时代就没有那么多了。19世纪中叶，随着病原微生物的发现，卫生成为了一个动力，第二次世界大战后，人们对环境保护产生了强烈的关注，近年来，尽管物质富裕，但资源方面也受到了人们的关注。立法是近期发展的推动力之一，就瑞典而言，环境保护立法于 20 世纪 60 年代末出台，几年后，各市政府获得了收集和管理家庭废物的专有权利。许多地方和区域废物管理公司成立，归市政当局所有。由于范围和能力的扩大，这些组织成为发展的推动者。除环境保护议程外，20 世纪 70 年代的石油危机引发了人们对废物作为资源的新兴趣，从而催生了新的废物焚烧厂，具有能量回收功能，并与现有的区域供热网络相连。20 世纪 70 年代和 1980 年代的错误、故障和警报促使处理方法得到改进，并将源头分离确立为废物管理的一个组成部分。废物管理界如今实力雄厚，并且比以前发挥更加积极主动的作用，其中包括更加注重与其他利益相关者的沟通。