Attachment theory suggests that experiences with parents and other caregivers are relevant for psychological functioning into adulthood, especially in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, this work has largely focused on Western countries and has often neglected relationships with paternal figures. The goal of the current study was to test four competing models of parental figure attachment (monotropy, only one attachment relates to symptoms; hierarchical, one attachment is more strongly related to symptoms; independence, both attachments are uniquely important in different ways; and integration, both attachments are uniquely important and interactive) in emerging adults from three countries with different cultures and family structures. We recruited 324 Brazilian, 309 Indian, and 319 Nigerian emerging adults using the online survey platform BeSample. Participants reported attachment to parental figures (maternal and/or paternal), anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Response surface analyses were tested in each country separately. In general, the results supported an integration model with significant interactions between parental figures. However, the direction of this interaction, as well as the presence of non-linear effects, differed by country. Our results suggest caregiver attachment remains relevant for individuals during the transition to young adulthood but with cultural variations.

中文翻译：

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巴西、印度和尼日利亚的新兴成年人对父母形象的依恋：与焦虑和抑郁症状的关联

依恋理论表明，与父母和其他照顾者的经历与成年后的心理功能有关，尤其是与焦虑和抑郁症状有关。然而，这部作品主要关注西方国家，往往忽视了与父系人物的关系。当前研究的目标是测试四种相互竞争的父母形象依恋模型（单向性，只有一种依恋与症状相关；分层，一种依恋与症状相关性更强；独立性，两种依恋以不同的方式具有独特的重要性；整合对于来自三个具有不同文化和家庭结构的国家的新兴成年人来说，这两种依恋都具有独特的重要性和互动性。我们使用在线调查平台 BeSample 招募了 324 名巴西人、309 名印度人和 319 名尼日利亚人。参与者报告了对父母形象（母亲和/或父亲）的依恋、焦虑症状和抑郁症状。响应面分析在每个国家分别进行了测试。总的来说，结果支持了父母形象之间具有显着互动的整合模型。然而，这种相互作用的方向以及非线性效应的存在因国家而异。我们的研究结果表明，在向青年期过渡期间，照顾者依恋仍然与个人相关，但存在文化差异。