Purpose: The purposes of this study were to: (a) meta-analyze the effects of academic press (AP) on K-12 student achievement in aggregate and in each examined learning subject; (b) meta-analyze the effect of school leadership of different leadership styles on AP; and (c) examine whether school level, subjects, and leadership or AP measures moderate these above-mentioned effects. Research Methods/Approach: Standard meta-analysis techniques were used to review 79 quantitative studies in the past 30 years and examine the multiple relationships between school leadership, AP, and student learning mentioned above. Heterogeneity analyses were conducted to identify moderators. Publication bias in these analysis results was also examined. Findings: AP had a large effect on student achievement; school leadership had a close to large effect on AP. These effects varied with leadership or AP measures and across school levels and student learning subjects. Implications for Research and Practice: The findings point to the importance of school leaders to improve student achievement by improving the level of AP in schools, especially high schools, and in schools with many economically disadvantaged students. Principals need to exercise a wide range of practices to push for academic excellence.

中文翻译：

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学术出版社对学生学习的影响及其对学校领导的可塑性：30 年研究的荟萃分析

目的：本研究的目的是：(a) 荟萃分析学术出版 (AP) 对 K-12 学生总体成绩和每个检查学习科目的影响；(b) 元分析不同领导风格的学校领导对 AP 的影响；(c) 检查学校水平、科目、领导力或 AP 措施是否可以缓和上述影响。研究方法/途径：使用标准荟萃分析技术回顾了过去30年的79项定量研究，并检验了上述学校领导、AP和学生学习之间的多重关系。进行异质性分析以确定调节因素。还检查了这些分析结果中的发表偏倚。研究结果：AP 对学生成绩有很大影响；学校领导对 AP 的影响几乎很大。这些影响因领导力或 AP 衡量标准以及学校级别和学生学习科目的不同而异。对研究和实践的启示：研究结果指出，学校领导者通过提高学校（尤其是高中）和有许多经济困难学生的学校的 AP 水平来提高学生成绩的重要性。校长需要进行广泛的实践来推动学术卓越。