Background: Paraquat (PQ) is an extremely lethal, water-soluble and non-selective herbicide that is used globally due to its low cost and high efficacy. It exerts strong toxic effects on humans as its exposure leads to free radicals’ production. Sinensetin (SNS) is a natural flavonoid with strong anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potentials.Objective: The present study was planned to ascertain the attenuative effect of SNS against PQ induced renal damage in rats.Methods: Forty eight rats were distributed into four groups: control group, PQ-administered group (5 mg/kg), PQ + SNS co-administered group (5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) and SNS administered group (20 mg/kg).Results: PQ administration considerably decreased the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes i.e., catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and glutathione (GSH) contents, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were upsurged. PQ treatment markedly augmented the levels of creatinine, urobilinogen, urea, KIM-1 and NGAL, while significantly decreased albumin protein as well as creatinine clearance. Moreover, the findings of our experiment revealed that PQ notably escalated inflammatory indices i.e., interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Furthermore, PQ intoxication significantly increased Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 level and lowered Bcl-2 level as well as induced histopathological anomalies in kidneys. However, SNS + PQ co-treatment efficiently averted all the PQ-induced renal damages in the rats.Conclusion: The current study indicates that SNS can be used to treat PQ-instigated renal toxicity due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.

中文翻译：

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青荠素通过调节雄性白化大鼠的氧化、炎症、细胞凋亡和组织病理学特征，改善百草枯诱导的肾损伤

背景：百草枯（PQ）是一种致命性极强的水溶性非选择性除草剂，因其成本低、功效高而在全球范围内使用。它对人类产生强烈的毒性作用，因为它的暴露会导致自由基的产生。Sinensetin (SNS) 是一种天然黄酮类化合物，具有很强的抗癌、抗炎和抗氧化作用。目的：本研究旨在确定SNS 对 PQ 所致大鼠肾损伤的减轻作用。方法：48 只大鼠分为四组：对照组、PQ 给药组（5 mg/kg）、PQ + SNS 共同给药组（5 mg/kg 和 20 mg/kg）以及 SNS 给药组（20 mg/kg）。 结果：服用PQ会显着降低抗氧化酶的活性，即过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GSR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化谷胱甘肽（GPx）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH） ）含量，而活性氧（ROS）和丙二醛（MDA）含量则大幅上升。PQ 治疗显着提高了肌酐、尿胆原、尿素、KIM-1 和 NGAL 的水平，同时显着降低了白蛋白和肌酐清除率。此外，我们的实验结果表明，PQ 显着升高炎症指标，即白细胞介素 1β (IL-1β)、核因子 κ-B (NF-κB)、白细胞介素 6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF-α) 水平和环氧合酶-2 (COX-2) 活性。此外，PQ中毒显着增加Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-9水平，降低Bcl-2水平，并诱导肾脏组织病理学异常。然而，SNS + PQ 联合治疗有效地避免了 PQ 引起的大鼠肾损伤。结论：目前的研究表明，SNS 因其抗氧化、抗炎和抗氧化作用，可用于治疗 PQ 引起的肾毒性。抗凋亡特性。