Despite recognizing the detrimental impact of parental violence on children’s mental and physical health throughout their lives, violence remains an all-too-real part of life for many children around the globe. However, data on the child-reported prevalence of experienced family violence are scarce and primarily based on parental reports. This study aimed to broaden the body of evidence and measure the lifetime prevalence of child-reported experience of violent disciplinary practices perpetrated by parents and to identify its associated sociodemographic and economic factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 5,281 Generation XXI participants recruited from 2005 to 2006 in Porto, Portugal. Parental disciplinary practices were reported by 7-year-old children using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used to compare differences in child-reported frequencies of violent disciplinary practices by sociodemographic variables. We observed statistically significant differences in rates of violent disciplinary practices according to the child’s and parent’s gender. Specifically, fathers exhibited a higher likelihood than mothers to engage in psychological aggression and corporal punishment, while mothers were more prone to engage in severe and very severe physical assault. When fathers were the perpetrators, boys were more inclined than girls to report all forms of violent disciplinary measures, and when mothers were the perpetrators, boys were particularly susceptible to severe and very severe physical assault compared to girls. In our study, children reported being frequently subjected to violent parental disciplinary practices, independently of family socioeconomic background. Children were more likely to experience psychological aggression and corporal punishment if they were born into high-income families, while severe and very severe physical assaults were more common among children whose parents had lower educational levels. National public awareness of the negative effects of violent disciplinary practices is urgently needed, promoting child-friendly and nonviolent approaches to discipline.

中文翻译：

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父母对儿童暴力管教的普遍性：来自葡萄牙人口的调查结果

尽管认识到父母暴力对儿童一生的身心健康产生有害影响，但暴力仍然是全球许多儿童生活中真实的一部分。然而，关于儿童报告的遭受家庭暴力的发生率的数据很少，并且主要基于父母的报告。本研究旨在扩大证据范围，衡量儿童报告的父母暴力管教经历的终生患病率，并确定其相关的社会人口和经济因素。我们使用 2005 年至 2006 年在葡萄牙波尔图招募的 5,281 名 XXI 一代参与者的数据进行了一项横断面研究。7 岁儿童使用亲子冲突策略量表报告了父母的纪律行为。皮尔逊卡方检验用于比较儿童报告的暴力管教行为频率随社会人口统计学变量的差异。我们观察到，根据孩子和父母的性别，暴力纪律做法的发生率存在统计学上的显着差异。具体来说，父亲比母亲更有可能进行心理攻击和体罚，而母亲则更容易进行严重和非常严重的身体攻击。当父亲是施暴者时，男孩比女孩更倾向于举报各种形式的暴力纪律措施，而当母亲是施暴者时，与女孩相比，男孩特别容易受到严重和非常严重的人身攻击。在我们的研究中，儿童经常遭受父母的暴力管教，与家庭社会经济背景无关。如果出生在高收入家庭，儿童更有可能遭受心理攻击和体罚，而父母受教育程度较低的儿童更容易遭受严重和非常严重的身体攻击。迫切需要提高全国公众对暴力纪律做法负面影响的认识，促进儿童友好和非暴力的纪律方法。