Drawing upon critical feminist theorising, this article intervenes in the debates about humanitarian aid organisations in the case of urban refugees to highlight the ubiquity of in/formal practices in their interlinkedness that increasingly shape aid distribution. By examining humanitarian enactments at three levels –the national, the district and the neighbourhood– in the case of Ankara, Turkey, the article advances theoretical discussions about how formality and informality are intertwined as spatial techniques and discursive practices are deployed justifying in/formality in practice. We argue that such spatial and discursive interventions have become normalised as local aid distributors seek legitimacy in a contested process to counteract their image as unregulated. By centring the experiences of urban refugee women and their engagement with in/formal humanitarian practices, we expose the gendered connotations underpinning these interventions at the three levels of humanitarian enactments as (1) detached paternalism at the national level creating refugee women’s alienation, (2) a culture of Islamic charity at the district level prompting gendered performances of victimhood and (3) patriarchal ideology of male saviours linked to Islam at the neighbourhood level disciplining refugee women and leading to their (sexual) exploitation. In doing so, we problematise spatial and discursive modalities of in/formality, which produce profoundly gendered precarities, causing refugee women’s subordination in multiple ways. Bringing attention to how in/formality− as a part of contemporary conditions of refugeehood− interacts with gender, and how legitimacy is attained through on-the-ground spatial techniques coupled with discourses, we contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the humanitarian field.

中文翻译：

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土耳其人道主义领域的非正式/正式空间：影响难民妇女的空间和话语实践

本文借鉴批判的女权主义理论，介入有关城市难民人道主义援助组织的辩论，以强调非正式/正式实践的普遍存在，它们之间的相互联系日益影响着援助的分配。通过考察土耳其安卡拉三个层面（国家、地区和社区）的人道主义法规，本文提出了关于当空间技术和话语实践被用于证明形式的合理性时，正式性和非正式性如何交织在一起的理论讨论。实践。我们认为，随着当地援助分发者在有争议的过程中寻求合法性，以抵消其不受监管的形象，这种空间和话语干预已经变得常态化。通过以城市难民妇女的经历及其参与非正式/正式人道主义实践为中心，我们揭示了在人道主义法规的三个层面上支撑这些干预措施的性别内涵：(1) 国家层面的超然家长作风造成了难民妇女的疏远，(2 ）地区一级的伊斯兰慈善文化促进了受害行为的性别化表现；（3）邻里一级与伊斯兰教相关的男性救世主的父权意识形态对难民妇女进行管教并导致她们的（性）剥削。在这样做的过程中，我们对非正式/正式的空间和话语模式提出了问题，这产生了深刻的性别不稳定，导致难民妇女以多种方式处于从属地位。我们关注作为当代难民状况一部分的非正式/正式性如何与性别相互作用，以及如何通过实地空间技术与话语相结合来获得合法性，从而有助于对人道主义领域有更深入的理解。