Background

The accumulation of trace elements in mosses is used as an indirect measure of atmospheric deposition and an important complement to the techniques used to monitor the Geneva Air Pollution Convention. The aim of this paper is to quantify and map temporal and spatial trends of metal enrichment in mosses collected in Germany in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2015 and 2020. Collection and chemical analysis of the moss samples were carried out according to international guidelines.

Results

The analysis shows that since 1990, the median concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Sb in the mosses have been decreasing significantly, with the with the highest decline of Pb (− 86%). This trend reversed in 2000 and 2005 and between 2015 and 2020 by increases in the concentrations of some trace elements. In the 2000 Moss Survey, higher concentrations were measured for Cd, Cu, Ni and Sb than in 2015, ranging from + 26% (Cu) to + 165% (Ni). For As and Pb, no significant changes can be observed in 2020 compared to 2015. The increase in metal concentrations in the mosses over the last five years does not correspond to the corresponding trends in reported metal emissions in Germany (2015–2020). In contrast, the long-term trends of the As, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations measured in the mosses showed good overall correspondence with the emission trends in Germany (1990–2020). The long-term trends of the moss data are mostly weaker than those of the emission data. The spatial patterns of the temporal trends were mapped and discussed for As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Sb.

Conclusions

The study shows that for valid monitoring of atmospheric deposition, it is not enough to consider only emission data or the modelled deposition derived from these data. In this respect, the study provides one of many necessary contributions to the discussion on the extent to which analytes of current monitoring programmes are still relevant and up-to-date and whether there are new substances that are also relevant or even more relevant than existing analytes and to what extent this should be taken into account in designing future environmental monitoring.

中文翻译：

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1990-2020年德国苔藓微量元素的空间格局和时间趋势

背景

苔藓中微量元素的积累被用作大气沉降的间接测量，也是对日内瓦空气污染公约监测技术的重要补充。本文的目的是量化和绘制 1990 年、1995 年、2000 年、2005 年、2015 年和 2020 年德国收集的苔藓中金属富集的时间和空间趋势。苔藓样品的收集和化学分析是根据国际准则进行的。

结果

分析显示，自1990年以来，苔藓中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Sb的中位浓度显着下降，其中Pb下降幅度最大（−86%）。这一趋势在 2000 年至 2005 年以及 2015 年至 2020 年期间因某些微量元素浓度的增加而发生逆转。在 2000 年莫斯调查中，测量到的 Cd、Cu、Ni 和 Sb 浓度高于 2015 年，范围从 + 26%（Cu）到 + 165%（Ni）。对于砷和铅，与 2015 年相比，2020 年没有观察到显着变化。过去五年苔藓中金属浓度的增加与德国报告的金属排放量的相应趋势（2015-2020 年）并不相符。相比之下，苔藓中测量的 As、Cd、Cu、Ni 和 Pb 浓度的长期趋势与德国（1990-2020 年）的排放趋势总体吻合。苔藓数据的长期趋势大多弱于排放数据。绘制并讨论了 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Sb 的时间趋势的空间模式。

结论

研究表明，为了有效监测大气沉积，仅考虑排放数据或从这些数据得出的模拟沉积是不够的。在这方面，该研究为讨论当前监测计划的分析物在多大程度上仍然相关和最新以及是否有新物质也相关甚至比现有物质更相关的讨论提供了许多必要的贡献之一。分析物以及在设计未来环境监测时应在多大程度上考虑到这一点。