A longstanding urban sociological literature emphasizes the geographic isolation of city dwellers in residence and everyday routines, expecting exposures to neighborhood racial and socio-economic structure driven principally by city-wide segregation and the role of proximity and homophily in mobility. The compelled mobility approach emphasizes the uneven distribution of organizational and institutional resources across urban space, expecting residents of poor Black-segregated neighborhoods to exhibit non-trivial levels of everyday exposure to White, non-poor areas for resource seeking. We use two sets of location data in the hypersegregated Chicago metro to examine these two approaches: Global Positioning System (GPS) location tracking on a sample of older adults from the Chicago Health and Activity Space in Real-Time (CHART) study and travel diaries on a sample of younger adults by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP). We introduce a novel and flexible individual-level method for assessing activity space exposures that accounts for the spatially proximate environment around home. Analyses reveal that activity space contexts mimic the racial/ethnic and socio-economic landscape of respondents’ broad residential environment. However, after residential-based adjustment, Black younger (CMAP) adults from poor Black neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to Whiter, less Black but less non-poor neighborhoods. Older (CHART) adult activity spaces align more closely with their residential areas; however, activity spaces of poor-Black-neighborhood-residing CHART Blacks are systematically poorer and, less consistently, more Black and less White after local area adjustment. Implications for understanding contextual exposures on well-being and the potential for age or cohort differences in isolation are discussed.

中文翻译：

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活动空间中邻里种族和社会经济构成的暴露：适应居住条件的新方法

长期存在的城市社会学文献强调城市居民在居住和日常生活中的地理隔离，期望暴露于主要由城市范围的隔离以及流动性中的邻近性和同质性的作用驱动的社区种族和社会经济结构。强制流动方法强调了组织和机构资源在城市空间中的不均匀分配，期望贫困的黑人隔离社区的居民表现出每天接触白人非贫困地区以寻求资源的不平凡水平。我们使用高度隔离的芝加哥地铁中的两组位置数据来检验这两种方法： 全球定位系统 (GPS) 对来自芝加哥健康和活动空间实时 (CHART) 研究和旅行日记的老年人样本进行位置跟踪芝加哥大都会规划局 (CMAP) 对年轻人进行了抽样调查。我们引入了一种新颖且灵活的个人层面方法来评估活动空间暴露，该方法考虑了家庭周围的空间邻近环境。分析表明，活动空间环境模仿了受访者广泛居住环境的种族/民族和社会经济景观。然而，在基于居住地的调整之后，来自贫困黑人社区的年轻黑人 (CMAP) 不成比例地接触到白人较多、黑人较少但非贫困社区较少的社区。老年人（CHART）成人活动空间与其居住区更紧密地结合；然而，居住在贫困黑人社区的 CHART 黑人的活动空间总体上更加贫困，并且在局部区域调整后，黑人较多，白人较少，而且不太一致。讨论了理解环境暴露对健康的影响以及孤立的年龄或队列差异的可能性。