(American ginseng), a perennial plant cultivated extensively across the globe, exhibits diverse pharmacological properties and holds notable economic significance. Water stress can potentially impact the accumulation of ginsenosides, which are the primary pharmacological component of . In this study, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of two-year-old seedlings of cultivar “LYS1” under different soil relative water contents (RWCs) of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% for 21 days were characterized. Additionally, the transcriptional responses to 30%, 70%, and 100% RWC were analyzed at 7 and 21 days. The results showed that both drought (30% and 50% RWC) and waterlogging (100% RWC) stress had a significant detrimental effect on root biomass and root activity, while simultaneously enhancing efficacy of the antioxidant protection system, which suggested that 70% RWC is optimal for the cultivation of . Drought stress induced – but waterlogging stress reduced – ginsenoside accumulation in root. In particular, drought stress changed the distribution of monomer saponins Rd, Re, Rb1, Rb2, and Rb3, while waterlogging stress altered the distribution of Rd, Re, and Rc. Drought and waterlogging specifically regulated genes involved in several pathways underlying stress tolerance, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, signal pathways and ginsenoside biosynthesis in roots. The integration of physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic evidence resulted in a selection of candidate genes with potential for enhancing stress tolerance in . Meanwhile, some candidate genes were found to play potential roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis, including several CYP450s and UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase genes as well as AP2/ERF, bHLH, NAC, MYB, and WRKY transcription factor members. These findings may provide theoretical references for effectively implementing cultivation strategies by regulating soil water conditions and give valuable insights for further investigation into ginsenoside biosynthesis in

中文翻译：

---

生理生化和转录分析揭示西洋参对旱涝胁迫的响应机制

（西洋参）是一种在全球广泛种植的多年生植物，具有多种药理特性并具有显着的经济意义。水分胁迫可能会影响人参皂苷的积累，人参皂苷是人参皂苷的主要药理成分。本研究研究了“LYS1”2年生幼苗在30%、50%、70%和100%不同土壤相对含水量（RWC）下21 d的形态、生理生化反应。特点。此外，在第 7 天和第 21 天分析了对 30%、70% 和 100% RWC 的转录反应。结果表明，干旱（30%和50%RWC）和涝害（100%RWC）胁迫对根系生物量和根系活性都有显着的不利影响，同时增强了抗氧化保护系统的功效，这表明70%RWC最适合 的培养。干旱胁迫引起根部人参皂苷的积累，但涝害胁迫减少了人参皂苷的积累。特别是，干旱胁迫改变了单体皂苷Rd、Re、Rb1、Rb2和Rb3的分布，而涝胁迫改变了Rd、Re和Rc的分布。干旱和涝渍特别调控了参与胁迫耐受性的多种途径的基因，包括苯丙素生物合成、信号途径和根中的人参皂苷生物合成。生理学、生化和转录组学证据的整合导致了对具有增强应激耐受性潜力的候选基因的选择。同时，一些候选基因被发现在人参皂苷生物合成中发挥潜在作用，包括几个CYP450和UDP依赖性糖基转移酶基因以及AP2/ERF、bHLH、NAC、MYB和WRKY转录因子成员。这些研究结果可为通过调节土壤水分条件有效实施栽培策略提供理论参考，并为进一步研究人参皂苷生物合成提供有价值的见解。