The manufacturing of perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions is desirable, yet the efficiency of p–i–n perovskite solar cells fabricated in air still lags behind those made in an inert atmosphere. Here we introduce an ionic pair stabilizer, dimethylammonium formate (DMAFo), into the perovskite precursor solution to prevent the degradation of perovskite precursors. DMAFo inhibits the oxidization of iodide ions and deprotonation of organic cations, improving the crystallinity and reducing defects in the resulting perovskite films. We show the generation of additional p-type defects during ambient air fabrication that suggests the need for improving bulk properties of the perovskite film beyond surface passivation. Upon addition of DMAFo, we demonstrate that the efficiency of inverted p–i–n solar cells based on perovskite layers with 1.53-eV and 1.65-eV bandgaps fabricated under ambient conditions (25–30 °C, 35–50% relative humidity) increases by 15–20%. We achieve a certified stabilized efficiency of 24.72% for the 1.53-eV cell, on a par with state-of-the-art counterparts fabricated in an inert atmosphere.

在环境条件下制造钙钛矿太阳能电池是理想的，但在空气中制造的 p-i-n 钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率仍然落后于在惰性气氛中制造的电池。在这里，我们将离子对稳定剂甲酸二甲铵（DMAFo）引入到钙钛矿前体溶液中，以防止钙钛矿前体的降解。DMAFo 抑制碘离子的氧化和有机阳离子的去质子化，提高钙钛矿薄膜的结晶度并减少缺陷。我们展示了在环境空气制造过程中会产生额外的 p 型缺陷，这表明除了表面钝化之外还需要改善钙钛矿薄膜的整体性能。添加 DMAFo 后，我们证明了在环境条件（25–30 °C，35–50% 相对湿度）下制造的基于带隙为 1.53-eV 和 1.65-eV 的钙钛矿层的倒置 p-i-n 太阳能电池的效率增加 15-20%。我们的 1.53 eV 电池经认证稳定效率为 24.72%，与惰性气氛中制造的最先进的同类电池相当。