The European defence market can be described as a geoeconomically relevant sector that forms part of Europe's overall economy, not least in the way that it is a producer of military capabilities and technologies and a repository of scientific skills. Traditionally, European Union (EU)‐level steps to support and liberalise the sector have reflected a regulatory approach marked by soft law, but in recent years, the EU has also developed financial tools to incentivise defence co‐operation. Looking specifically at the European Defence Fund (EDF), this article views this transition as evidence of a ‘geoeconomic turn’ in European defence market policy that is a response to structural challenges related to technology control, security of supply and geopolitical competition. Employing relative gains theory and liberal intergovernmentalism, this article charts the transition from market liberalisation to industrial policy in EU defence market initiatives based on specific intra‐ and extra‐political dynamics.

中文翻译：

---

从自由化到产业政策：欧洲国防市场走向地缘经济转向？

欧洲国防市场可以被描述为一个与地缘经济相关的部门，构成欧洲整体经济的一部分，尤其是它是军事能力和技术的生产者以及科学技能的储存库。传统上，欧盟（EU）层面支持和开放该行业的措施反映了以软法为标志的监管方法，但近年来，欧盟还开发了金融工具来激励国防合作。本文特别关注欧洲国防基金（EDF），将这一转变视为欧洲国防市场政策“地缘经济转向”的证据，这是对与技术控制、供应安全和地缘政治竞争相关的结构性挑战的回应。本文运用相对收益理论和自由政府间主义，根据特定的政治内和政治外动态，描绘了欧盟国防市场计划中从市场自由化到产业政策的转变。